EDU 05.2 : : PEDAGOGIC CONTENT KNOWLEDGE ANALYSIS: ENGLISH Unit 4 : Resources in Teaching and Learning of English

 

EDU 05.2 : PEDAGOGIC CONTENT KNOWLEDGE ANALYSIS: ENGLISH

Unit 4 : Resources in Teaching and Learning of English

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

Sl.no:	CONTENTS
1	Teaching Aids- design and development
2	Learning support resources
3	Pictures
4	Charts
5	Flash Card
6	Models
7	Newspaper and Journal – Documentary
8	Audio-Video Clips
9	Interactive Board
10	LCD Projector
11	Internet
12	Language Lab

 

AUDIO VISUAL AIDS/ INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA/ TEACHING AIDS

·       Teaching aids are the tools that teachers use them in the classroom such as flash cards, maps, cassette and blackboard.

·       A teaching aid is a tool used by teachers to help learners improve reading and other skills, illustrate or reinforce a skill, fact, or idea, and relieve anxiety, fears, or boredom, since many teaching aids are like games.

Audio visual aids are important in education system. Audio visual aids are those devices which are used in classrooms to encourage teaching learning process and make it easier and interesting. Audio -visual aids are the best tool for making teaching effective and the best dissemination of knowledge. According to Edger Dale: audio visual aids are those devices by the use of which communication of ideas between persons and groups in various teaching and training situations is helped. These are also termed as multi-sensory materials. There are various types of audio-visual materials ranging from filmstrips, microforms, slides, projected opaque materials, tape recording and flashcards. In the current digital world, audio-visual aids have grown exponentially with several multimedia such as educational DVDs, PowerPoint, television educational series, YouTube, and other online materials. The goal of audio-visual aids is to enhance teacher's ability to present the lesson in simple, effective and easy to understand for the students. Audio-visual materials

make learning more permanent since students use more than one sense. It is important to create awareness for the state and federal ministry of education as policy makers in secondary schools of the need to inculcate audio-visual resource as main teaching pedagogy in curricula.

OBJECTIVE OF USING AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS

·       To strengthen teachers’ skills in making teaching-learning process more effective

·       To attract and retain learners' attention

·       To generate interest across different levels of students

·       To develop lesson plans that are simple and easy to follow

·       To make class more interactive and interesting

·       To focus on student-centered approach

SIGNIFICANCE OF AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS

Audio Visual aids accomplish following when used properly:

1.     The use of audio-visual aids in classroom teaching stimulates interest in pupils. This leads to the wholehearted attention on the part of learner, which ultimately develop a linking for subject.

2.     Use of audio-visual aids help in maintaining discipline in the class since all the students' attention are focused in learning. This interactive session also develops critical thinking and reasoning that are important components of the teaching-learning process

3.     These aids help in making the whole world a real audience of events occurring in the various parts of the world.

4.     Audio visual aids break the monotony of school routine and are always welcomed by pupils as a happy change in the classroom.

5.     When audio visual aids are employed, the response of the class is always better.

6.     The use of audio-visual aids provides a stimulus to pupils for making good use of textbooks rather than depending on guides.

7.     They make teaching matter lively and interesting.

8.     It helps children to observe things in their most natural setting.

It is clear that audio visual aids are important tools for teaching learning process. It helps the teacher to present the lesson effectively and students learn and retain the concepts better and for longer duration. Use of audio visual aids improves students' critical and analytical thinking. It helps to remove abstract concepts through visual presentation. However, improper and unplanned use of these aids can have negative effect on the learning outcome. Therefore, teachers should be well trained through in-service training to maximize the benefits of using these aids.

Advantages of Teaching Aids:

1.               Teaching Aids helps in effective perceptual and conceptual learning.

2.               Teaching Aids helpful in capturing and sustaining attention of students.

3.               Teaching Aids arouses interest and motivates students to learn.

4.               Teaching Aids is helpful in new learning.

5.               Teaching Aids helps in saving energy and time of both the teachers and students.

6.               Teaching Aids provides near realistic experience.

7.               Teaching Aids can meet individual demands.

8.               Teaching Aids is useful in for education of masses.

 

 

Categories of Teaching Aids -3 categories

1)  Audio Aids

Audio visual aids imply, “anything by means of which learning process may be encouraged or carried on through the sense of hearing or the sense of sight.”

e.g; radio, tape-recorder, records player etc.

2)   Visual Aids

Those aids which use sense of vision are called as visual aids, e.g; models, pictures, maps, bulletin board, slides, epidiascope, overhead projector etc.

3)  Audio – Visual Aids

Another Classification as:

Projected & Non projected aids

➢  PROJECTED – silent (slides, film strips, OHP) and sound (films)

Teaching aids which help in their projection on the screen are called as projected aids. For example, film strips, slides, film projector, overhead projector, epidiascope etc.

1)  OVER HEAD PROJECTOR:

The overhead projector is the most used in all A.V. aids. It projects transparencies with brilliant screen images suitable for use in a lighted room. The teacher can write or draw diagrams on the transparency while he teaches; these are projected simultaneously on the screen by the OHP. LCD projector is a modern equivalent of this.

2)  OVER HEAD TRANSPARENCIES:

Transparencies are popular instructional medium. They are simple to prepare and easy to prepare and easy to operate with the overhead projector which is light weight. A 10*10 inches sheet with printed, written or drawn material is placed on the platform of the projector and a large image is projected on a screen behind you. The projector is used from near to the front of the room with the teacher standing or sitting beside, facing the student.

3)  THE OPAQUE PROJECTOR

Opaque projector is the only projector on which you can project a variety of materials ex: –

book, pages, objects, coins, postcards, or any other similar flat material that is non-transparent. The opaque projector will project and simultaneously enlarge, directly from the originals, printed

matter, all kinds of written or pictorial matter in any sequence derived by the teacher. It requires a dark room, as projector is large and not reality movables.

4)  SLIDE PROJECTOR

A slide is a small piece of transparent material on which a single pictorial image or scene or graphic image has been photographed or reproduced otherwise. Slides are a form of projected media that are easy to prepare. They are still pictures on positive film which you can process and mount individually yourself or send to a film laboratory. The standard size of the slides is 2 “X 2 “any 35mm camera will make satisfactory slides.

➢  NON PROJECTED

Teaching aids which do not help in their projection on the screen are called non-projected teaching aids. For example, chalk board, charts, actual objects, models, taps – recorder, radio etc.

•       GRAPHIC -picture , charts, maps, graphs, puppets, flash cards, posters

•       DIPLAY BOARDS – Black Board, bulletin board, flannel board, magnetic board, specimens

•       3- D AIDS - globes, models, objects, field trip

•       AUDIO AIDS - radio, tape recorder, language laboratory

•       ACTIVITY AIDS - CAI, demonstrations, dramatics, experiments , programmed instruction

 

LEARNING SUPPORT RESOURCES

 

 

1.     LCD PROJECTOR

Digital projectors are now paving the way seamlessly for teachers to concentrate on teaching and for learners to effortlessly learn without the need to erase or have messy white chalk marks. LCD projectors are beneficial in education due to:

·       A better interactive learning experience

·       New ways to learn

·       Ease of use

·       Easy to connect

2.     NEWSPAPER AND JOURNAL

A daily reading of English newspaper will be a world of quality learning for students. It will bring a great understanding of the subject.

·       It opens many new ways of discussion and conversation in classroom.

·       Can discuss innumerable aspects of newspapers daily and can do a creative writing section on the spot every day.

·       Working of a newspaper can give many new ideas and openings

·       A lot of job opportunities can be found through ‘Classified’ section.

·       Daily discussion of ‘Headlines’ give a lot of knowledge and exposure.

·       Games as ‘Treasure Hint’ from Newspaper can give vital information in pairs and increase

feeling of

·       sharing and team work.

·       Can learn Photography and interest in the use of Camera.

·       Writing of Articles will increase their knowledge of Grammar and creativity

The Journal promotes English as an international language which accommodates the unique needs of world communities while competing with and complementing other languages, with areas such as language skills, oral communication, memorization of paradigms, patterns, vocabulary and translation widely covered.

 

 

3.      PICTURES

Pictures are kinds of visual instruction materials might be used more effectively to develop and sustain motivation in producing positive attitudes towards English and to teach or reinforce language skills. Pictures attract children and motivate them like to learn English so pictures are unlikable things to teach and learn English.

4.     CHART

A chart is a useful way to present and display information or instructions, especially in a classroom or other educational situation. It can range in size from a large wall chart to a single piece of paper. According to Edgar Dale, “a chart is a visual symbol summarizing or comparing or contrasting or performing other helpful services in explaining subject matter”

TYPES OF CHARTS

Picture chart, Time chart, Table chart, Graphic chart, Flow chart, Tree chart, Pie chart.

 

 

5.  FLASH CARDS

·       Flash cards are useful for drilling new letters, words, and other information. They are normally used in a classroom, but can also be used more informally.

·       A flash card is part of a set of cards on which are written items to be studied. They are

“flashed”

(shown quickly) one by one to a learner to elicit a quick response.

·       Flash cards are sets of cards printed with information to be studied, such as definitions, formulas, letters, multiplication tables, prefixes, words.

·       If there is an answer or solution to what appears on the front of the card, it is printed on the back so that the person showing the cards can see if the learner's answer is correct

6.  FLIP CHARTS

Flip charts are useful in teaching situations where you need to teach a number of people at a time.They are used when books are unavailable, scarce, or too expensive for individuals to have their own copy when other media such as overheads and slides are not available, and where group learning is most culturally appropriate. A flip chart is a collection of large pages which are bound together at the top. The pages are “flipped” or brought up and to the back as they are used. A flip chart is bound together at the top in such a way that the pages can be easily turned and lie flat.

7.   MODELS

Models are replicas or copies of real objects with suitable change in size, complexity, timing, safety and cost factors. Models can be working models and still models.

CLASSIFICATION- 1) Simplified 2) Scale 3) Working 4) Cross-sectional 5) Mock-ups

8.  CARTOONS

A cartoon is an interpretive picture, usually a drawing, intended to convey a message or point of view about things, events or situation; may make free use of exaggeration and symbolism.

9.  SLIDES (TRANSPARENCIES)

Any positive transparency mounted individually for use in a projector or viewing transmitted light.

10.  MOBILE TECHNOLOGY

Internet and Wi Fi, Touch screen, Games and quizzes, Mobile applications, Any time & anywhere.

The value of mobile learning

It is important to bring new technology into the classroom.

o   Devices used are more lightweight than books and PCs.    Mobile learning can be used to diversify the types of learning activities students (or a blended learning approach).

o   Mobile learning supports the learning process rather than being integral to it.

o   Mobile learning can be a useful add-on tool for students with special needs. However, for SMS and MMS this might be dependent on the students’ specific disabilities or difficulties involved.

o   Mobile learning can be used as a ‘hook’ to re-engage disaffected youth.

 

Benefits

o   Relatively inexpensive opportunities, as the cost of mobile devices are significantly less than PCs and laptops

o   Multimedia content delivery and creation options

o   Continuous and situated learning support

o   Decrease in training costs

o   Potentially a more rewarding learning experience

Technical challenges include

·       Connectivity and battery life

·       Screen size and key size

·       Meeting required bandwidth for nonstop/fast streaming

·       Number of file/asset formats supported by a specific device

·       Content security or copyright issue from authoring group

·       Multiple standards, multiple screen sizes, multiple operating systems

·       Limited memory

·       Risk of sudden obsolescence

Social and educational challenges include

·       Accessibility and cost barriers for end users.

·       How to assess learning outside the classroom

·       Content's security or pirating issues

·       Frequent changes in device models/technologies/functionality etc.

·       Developing an appropriate theory of learning for the mobile age

·         Design of technology to support a lifetime of learning

·       No restriction on learning

·       Timetable

·       Personal and private information and content

·       No demographic boundary

·       Disruption of students' personal and academic lives

·       Access to and use of the technology in developing countries

·       Risk of distraction

11.  INTERACTIVE WHITE BOARD

An interactive whiteboard is a large display that connects to a computer and a projector, use of graphics and other visuals to represent information

Uses

·       Running software that is loaded onto the connected PC, such as a web browsers or other software used in the classroom.

·       Capturing and saving notes written on a whiteboard to the connected PC

·       Controlling the PC from the white board using click and drag, markup which annotates a program or presentation

·         Using OCR software to translate cursive writing on a graphics tablet into text

·       Using an Audience Response System so that presenters can poll a classroom audience or conduct quizzes, capturing feedback onto the whiteboard

·         Multimedia lessons and presentations including audio and video

·       Collaborative problem solving

·         Showcasing student projects and presentations

·         Virtual field trips

·         Recorded lessons that can be used by substitute teachers.

12.  THE INTERNET

The internet is a wonderful resource for educators. You can find materials and ideas to supplement almost any lesson you are teaching. It can be a tool for teachers or students to research content information. You can also find ideas for helping the classroom teachers in schools. To memorise is less important than to master the skill of searching the web. Students need the ability to respond and adapt themselves to these changes. Students need to actively interpret and organise the information that is available, fitting it into prior knowledge or revising prior knowledge in the light of what they have learned. A decade ago, the use of computers in the language classroom was a concern of only a small number of specialists. But now, with the advent of multimedia computing and the internet, and the role of computers in language teaching has become an important issue confronted by a large number of language teachers throughout the world. Technology is useful not just in language leaning but in the study in the literature, culture and film also. Ten years ago it would have been difficult to connect technology and culture or technology and literature or to find a synergy between those fields. Now, technology is the medium that binds together these disciplines

Web is an enormous collection of knowledge in the form of words, images, video and programmes. These are efficiently organised in the Internet. Internet is the abbreviation of Internetwork system and is described as network of computer system. In a general sense, the Internet is defined as “a global pool of information and services, accessibly by means of locally executed interface software”. It is a huge network of computers, which links many different types of computers, which share a common mechanism for addressing computers and a set of communication protocols for communication between two computers on the network.

The World Wide Web contains millions of sources leading us to information of infinite variety, stored in computer networks across the world WWW contains lacks of books from famous libraries across the world .There is a large number of sources to get information for academic studies and research in Web. The Web refers to a specific kind of internet interface. The Web documents contains link that lead to other web pages and they contain graphics, sound and so on which open up new possibilities for presenting information .The Web was invented in early 1990s by TimBerners -Lee

 

 

13.    LANGUAGE LAB

The language lab is a technological break for imparting skills in English. The language lab offers an exclusive result oriented and efficient to enrich the English language learning process. . Break through the traditional teaching method with the rich teaching material contents, the digital language lab motivates student’s learning attitude, providing an interactive learning environment. Foreign language learning lends itself naturally to the use of media. The language lab is the solution and need of the hour to learn the English language. The quality of the language proficiency will be more when they learn it from the multimedia, digital and computerized Language Lab. By high merit of its unique equipment and its unambiguous pedagogy, it stands

alone. The computer now fulfils all the need of language educators and gives life to language for many learners. Language laboratory is an audio-visual installation used in modern teaching methods to learn the foreign languages. Perhaps the first lab was at the University of Grenoble. In the 1950s up until the 1990s, they were tape based systems using reel to reel or (latterly) cassette. But the current installations are generally multimedia computers. The language lab is a technological break for imparting skills in English. The language lab offers an exclusive result oriented and efficient to enrich the English language learning process. The multimedia based language lab helps to learn and enhance the language proficiency by sharing the course materials with in a second where the teacher and the students involved effortlessly. The language lab is developed on the methodology of LSRW skills. With the most advance computer hardware performance and multimedia technology, pure software solution will become more and more common. Most of the software companies with the experience in teaching software, providing pure software based language lab solution. It contains the following advantages: Using “Function Oriented” design concept, divided teaching method, with the user-friendly interface, user can use it easily. By using professional sound technology with video broadcasting function, the language lab provides a rich environment to learn the language. Break through the traditional teaching method with the rich teaching material contents, the digital language lab motivates student’s learning attitude, providing an interactive learning environment.

Advantages and Benefits of Language Lab

•  Auditory Oriented: The direct sound transmission gives step by step guidance from the teacher to the heads of the students with crystal clear clarity.

•  Better Attention: The Lab software is more attention enthralling for the students, where they are engaged with individual systems.

•  Comprehensive quickly: The Lab increases the pace of comprehension as students coaching is purely based on the level of study.

•  Damper the idea: The Lab regulates the language through the different thoughts created in the mind of the students.

•  Effective learning: The lab provides to learn the foreign language practice in a focused setting that eliminates the feelings of self-consciousness.

•  Focus Veracity: By using text, audio and video can easily be integrated with actuality in everyday situations.

•  Guide the group: It is easy to guide the groups by monitoring each student independently without disturbing the others students. Have the self-evaluation: the students can do a periodical self-evaluation to measure the progress as well as evaluate his/her language with that of the expert.

•  Independent learning: access to resources beyond the timetable encourages independent learning.

•  Janitor for learners: It care takes the learners to become skilled at the language that they are learning.

•  Remove the fear: The automated learning environment removes one’s fear and creates a happy learning situation. Learn the need: The lab fulfills the need of the learner that is learning the language skills in an effective way.

•  Medium of interactivity: The students can record their own voice and play back the recordings, interact with the each other and the teacher, and store the results.

Foreign language learning lends itself naturally to the use of media. The content that is now used in the new language labs is much richer and self-authored or free: now not just audio, but video, flash based games, internet etc. and the speed and variety of the delivery of media from teacher to student, student to teacher, is much quicker and therefore much more engaging for both teacher and student.

The students feel different when they learn in different atmosphere. Apart from the traditional classroom, lab creates an easy atmosphere. Language lab plays a pivotal role in learning the spoken English. The basic proficiency in spoken English is imparted to students through the language lab.

It is concluded that the language lab is the solution and need of the hour to learn the English language. The quality of the language proficiency will be more when they learn it from the multimedia, digital and computerised Language Lab. We need some trained expert to teach the faculties to know how to handle the language lab and the students in a proper way.

Surely language laboratories represent the single largest investment and instalment of audio resources in education. By high merit of its unique equipment and its unambiguous pedagogy, it stands alone. The computer now fulfils all the need of language educators and gives life to language for many learners.

PEDAGOGY (EDU 05.2) PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS – UNIT 4

 

1 MARKS

1.     Newspapers can be used to enhance the --- skills. (Dec 2016)

2.     Name a resource support to improve pronunciation. (Dec 2016)

3.     What provides access to excellent resources to explore and discover? (Dec 2015)

A) Language Lab B) Internet C)LCD Projector D) Interactive Board

4.     Videos, LCD, Computer and Internet are (April 2014)

A) traditional teaching aids B)technological teaching aids C)All of the above D)None of the above

5.     An example for three-dimensional teaching aid? (Dec 2017)

A)   Chart B) Model C) Internet D) Radio

6.     What is a model? (June 2022)

7.     Suggest any two websites related to English Language Teaching? (June 2022)

8.     --- is a object or device used by a teacher to enhance or enliven classroom construction? (Nov 2018)

9.     --- are concrete representation of objects? ( Aug 2021)

A) Chart B) Models C) Pictures D) LCD

10.  What is LCD projector? (Aug 2021)

 

2 MARKS

1.     What is the role of newspaper in English language teaching? (June 2022)

2.     Give four advantages of interactive board. (June 2022)

3.     What is the role of a language lab? (Aug 2021)

4.     What are the characteristics of a good teaching aid? (Nov 2019)

 

 

5 MARKS

1.     How can the interactive white board be used for teaching of English? Discuss its advantages.(April 2014)

2.     Explain how a language lab help in enhancing speaking skills? (Nov 2018)

3.     What are teaching aids? How does it help in effective translation of content in classrooms? (Nov 2018)

4.     What are the advantages of ICT in teaching of English? (June 2022)

5.     Discuss the advantages of language laboratory? (Dec 2017)

6.     How would you make use of flashcards for teaching English? (Dec 2017)

 

 

10 MARKS

1.     Describe how language lab can be setup and used for English language teaching and learning. (April 2014)

2.     Discuss the advantages of pictures and different types of charts as learning aids in English teaching. Explain how you would incorporate these aids in your teaching. (June 2022)