People, Development and Environment Introduction Seasons and Climate classifications Drainage : River systems Industrial and Transportation Developments Population Ecology & Ecosystem Food Chain & Food Web Tropic Levels Energy Systems UNDP & Development Goals Environmental Acts & Agreements Environment and Its Components Definition of Environment Origin: From French word “Environ” meaning surroundings. Environment is the total stimuli a person receives from conception to death. Includes physical, social, economic, political, cultural, moral, intellectual, and emotional dimensions. Components of Environment Atmosphere – Gaseous envelope around Earth Lithosphere – Solid, rocky crust of Earth Hydrosphere – All water bodies Biosphere – Zone of life including all living organisms 1. Atmosphere A protective layer of gases, water vapor, and dust. Supports life and protects from harmful solar radiations. Gases are colorless, odorless, tasteless. Absorbs UV rays, filters cosmic rays, allows IR and radio waves. Layers of Atmosphere (Bottom to Top) Troposphere Lowest layer (up to 18 km in tropics, 6 km in poles). All weather phenomena occur here. Composition: 78% Nitrogen, 20% Oxygen, 0.93% Argon, 0.04% CO₂. Contains water vapor. Stratosphere From 10 to 30 km above sea level. Ozone layer present; absorbs UV radiation. Temperature increases with height. Aircrafts fly here due to stability. Mesosphere Lies above stratosphere (50–80 km). Coldest layer; temperature decreases with height. Meteors burn in this layer. Ionosphere Overlaps mesosphere and thermosphere (~60 km+). Contains ionized particles. Important for radio wave transmission and lightning. Thermosphere Between ionosphere and exosphere (~80 km+). UV radiation causes photoionization. ISS (International Space Station) orbits here. Temperature varies with solar activity. Exosphere Outermost layer (~700 km+). Merges with outer space. Contains light gases like hydrogen and CO₂. 🪨 2. Lithosphere The Earth's crust – solid, rocky outer shell. Includes mountains, plains, valleys, ocean floors. Extends from the surface to ~150 km deep. Layers: Crust – outermost. Mantle – high heat and pressure; semi-solid rock. Core – innermost, extremely hot. 3. Hydrosphere Comprises all water bodies – rivers, lakes, oceans, glaciers, groundwater. Covers about 71% of Earth’s surface. Water cycle (evaporation, condensation, precipitation) is a key process. Essential for life, climate regulation, and weathering. 4. Biosphere The zone of life on Earth – where air, water, and land interact. Includes humans, animals, plants, microorganisms. Contains biomes (major ecological areas): Desert, Forest, Grassland, Aquatic, Tundra, Chaparral Organisms interact through food chains and food webs. Question 1: Which of the following are the layers of atmosphere? i. Troposphere ii. Thermosphere iii. Lithosphere iv. Exosphere v. Mesosphere Select the correct code: a) i, ii, iii & iv b) ii, iii, iv & iv c) ii., iii & v d) i, ii, iv & v Answer: d. Question 2: Which layer of atmosphere enables Radio Transmission? a. Exosphere b. Thermosphere c. Ionosphere d. Stratosphere Answer: c. Question 3: Which is the layer of atmosphere which has its lowest layer at 50 km above sea level that holds the presence of meteors? a) Stratosphere b) Mesosphere c) Troposphere d) Thermosphere Answer: b. Question 4: Which layer of atmosphere has the optimum height to fly commercial aircrafts? a) Ionosphere b) Stratosphere c) Troposphere d) Lithosphere Answer: b. Question 5: Match the following: (A) Lithosphere (i) Life (B) Atmosphere (ii) Water (C) Hydrosphere (iii) Stone (D) Biosphere (iv) Air Question 6: Which layer of the atmosphere contains the ozone layer, which plays a crucial role in absorbing harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun? a) Troposphere b) Stratosphere c) Thermosphere d) Lithosphere Answer: b Question 7: Assertion (A): The mesosphere is the layer of the atmosphere where most weather phenomena, such as clouds and storms, occur. Reason(R): The mesosphere is characterized by the presence of water vapor and water droplets. a) Both the (A) and (R) are true, and the (R) is a correct explanation of the assertion. b) Both the (A) and (R) are true, but the (R) is not a correct explanation of the assertion. c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. d) Both (A) and (R) are false Answer: d Question 8: Assertion (A): The thermosphere is the hottest layer of the Earth's atmosphere. Reason(R): The thermosphere contains very few gas molecules, but it can reach temperatures of thousands of degrees Celsius. a) Both the (A) and (R) are true, and the (R) is a correct explanation of the assertion. b) Both the (A) and (R) are true, but the (R) is not a correct explanation of the assertion. c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. Answer: a DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENT Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Launched: September 2000 by the UN Millennium Declaration in New York. Aim: Reduce extreme poverty and other global challenges. Target Year: 2015. Total Goals: 8 Goals with time-bound targets. 2015-ഓടെ ലോകത്തെ മെച്ചപ്പെടുത്താനുള്ള ഒരു വലിയ ആഗോള പദ്ധതിയായിരുന്നു സഹസ്രാബ്ദ വികസന ലക്ഷ്യങ്ങൾ (MDGs)! 2000-ൽ ഐക്യരാഷ്ട്രസഭ ഇത് ആരംഭിച്ചു. അമിതമായ ദാരിദ്ര്യം കുറയ്ക്കുക, വിദ്യാഭ്യാസമില്ലായ്മ, ആരോഗ്യപ്രശ്നങ്ങൾ തുടങ്ങിയ വലിയ വെല്ലുവിളികൾ പരിഹരിക്കുക എന്നതായിരുന്നു പ്രധാന ലക്ഷ്യം. സ്കൂളിൽ കുട്ടികളെ എത്തിക്കുന്നത് മുതൽ രോഗങ്ങളോട് പോരാടുന്നതും പരിസ്ഥിതിയെ സംരക്ഷിക്കുന്നതും ഉൾപ്പെടെ 8 പ്രധാന ലക്ഷ്യങ്ങളുണ്ടായിരുന്നു. അന്തിമ റിപ്പോർട്ട് അനുസരിച്ച്, ദാരിദ്ര്യത്തിൽ നിന്ന് പുറത്തുവന്നവരുടെ എണ്ണം ഗണ്യമായി കുറയുകയും കൂടുതൽ കുട്ടികൾ സ്കൂളിൽ പോകുകയും ചെയ്തതുപോലെയുള്ള നല്ല പുരോഗതികൾ കാണാൻ കഴിഞ്ഞു. ✅ 8 MDGs: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Achieve universal primary education Promote gender equality and empower women Reduce child mortality Improve maternal health Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria & other diseases Ensure environmental sustainability Develop a global partnership for development 📊 Key Findings of Final MDG Report (UNDP): Global poverty halved. Undernourishment in developing nations nearly halved. 91% primary school enrolment in developing regions. Increased female school enrolment. Improved treatment for HIV/AIDS, malaria, TB. Improved access to drinking water. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Successor of MDGs, launched in 2016, to be achieved by 2030. Applicable in 170+ countries. Focus: Ending poverty, protecting the planet, ensuring peace & prosperity. 17 Goals & 169 Targets. MDG-കളുടെ അടുത്തതും, ഇതിലും വലുതും, കൂടുതൽ ദൂരവ്യാപകമായ ലക്ഷ്യങ്ങളുള്ളതുമായ പതിപ്പാണ് സുസ്ഥിര വികസന ലക്ഷ്യങ്ങൾ (SDGs). 2015-ൽ MDG-കൾ അവസാനിച്ചപ്പോൾ, ലോകത്തിന് ഇനിയും ഒരുപാട് കാര്യങ്ങൾ ചെയ്യാനുണ്ടെന്നും ദാരിദ്ര്യത്തെക്കുറിച്ച് മാത്രമല്ല, എല്ലാവരെയും എല്ലാ കാര്യങ്ങളെയും കുറിച്ച് ചിന്തിക്കണമെന്നും മനസ്സിലായി. അങ്ങനെ, 2016-ൽ SDGs ആരംഭിച്ചു, ഇത് 2030-ഓടെ നേടാനാണ് ലക്ഷ്യമിടുന്നത്. ഇത് വികസ്വര രാജ്യങ്ങളിൽ മാത്രമല്ല, ലോകത്തിലെ മിക്കവാറും എല്ലാ രാജ്യങ്ങളിലും ബാധകമാണ്. ദാരിദ്ര്യം പൂർണ്ണമായും ഇല്ലാതാക്കുക, ഗ്രഹത്തെ സംരക്ഷിക്കുക, എല്ലാവർക്കും സമാധാനവും സമൃദ്ധിയും ഉറപ്പാക്കുക എന്നിവയാണ് ഇവയുടെ പ്രധാന ലക്ഷ്യങ്ങൾ. 8 ലക്ഷ്യങ്ങൾക്ക് പകരം, ഇപ്പോൾ 17 ലക്ഷ്യങ്ങളും 169 ഉപലക്ഷ്യങ്ങളുമുണ്ട്, ഇത് എല്ലാ കാര്യങ്ങളും എങ്ങനെ പരസ്പരം ബന്ധപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്നു എന്ന് കാണിക്കുന്നു. ✅ 17 SDGs (2016–2030): No Poverty Zero Hunger Good Health and Well-being Quality Education Gender Equality Clean Water and Sanitation Affordable and Clean Energy Decent Work and Economic Growth Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure Reduced Inequalities Sustainable Cities and Communities Responsible Consumption and Production Climate Action Life Below Water Life on Land Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions Partnerships for the Goals 🧠 Memory Tip (SDGs Story): PoHuHe at the EdGE of CleWEn Forest... EcoGro & SusCit... WaLife & LaLife in PJs with Partners (Mnemonic trick). 🏢 UNDP Strategic Plan (2018–2021): United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Help nations achieve MDGs and SDGs. 3 Aims: Eradicate poverty in all forms. Accelerate structural transformation across SDGs. Build resilience to shocks (economic, environmental, etc.) ഐക്യരാഷ്ട്രസഭയുടെ വികസന പരിപാടി (UNDP) ലോകമെമ്പാടുമുള്ള രാജ്യങ്ങളെ സഹായിക്കുന്ന ഒരു വലിയ സ്ഥാപനമാണെന്ന് കരുതുക. 2018 മുതൽ 2021 വരെയുള്ള അവരുടെ തന്ത്രപരമായ പദ്ധതി, രാജ്യങ്ങളെ എങ്ങനെ സഹായിക്കുമെന്നതിനുള്ള ഒരു വഴികാട്ടിയായിരുന്നു. അവരുടെ പ്രധാന ലക്ഷ്യം, ലോകം നിശ്ചയിച്ചിട്ടുള്ള ആഗോള ലക്ഷ്യങ്ങൾ നേടാൻ രാജ്യങ്ങളെ സഹായിക്കുക എന്നതായിരുന്നു – പഴയ സഹസ്രാബ്ദ വികസന ലക്ഷ്യങ്ങളും (MDGs) പുതിയതും കൂടുതൽ സമഗ്രവുമായ സുസ്ഥിര വികസന ലക്ഷ്യങ്ങളും (SDGs) ഇതിൽ ഉൾപ്പെടുന്നു. ഇതിനായി അവർ മൂന്ന് പ്രധാന മേഖലകളിൽ ശ്രദ്ധ കേന്ദ്രീകരിച്ചു: എല്ലാ രൂപത്തിലുമുള്ള ദാരിദ്ര്യം ഇല്ലാതാക്കുക: ദാരിദ്ര്യം കുറയ്ക്കുക മാത്രമല്ല, എല്ലാ തരത്തിലുള്ള ദാരിദ്ര്യവും പൂർണ്ണമായും ഇല്ലാതാക്കുക. സുസ്ഥിര വികസനത്തിനായുള്ള വലിയ മാറ്റങ്ങൾ ത്വരിതപ്പെടുത്തുക: രാജ്യങ്ങളെ അവരുടെ സമ്പദ്‌വ്യവസ്ഥയിലും സമൂഹത്തിലും അടിസ്ഥാനപരമായ മാറ്റങ്ങൾ വരുത്തി, എല്ലാ സുസ്ഥിര വികസന ലക്ഷ്യങ്ങളിലേക്കും വേഗത്തിൽ നീങ്ങാൻ സഹായിക്കുക. ഇതിനർത്ഥം വികസനം മൊത്തത്തിൽ സുസ്ഥിരമാക്കുക എന്നതാണ്. പ്രതിസന്ധികളെ നേരിടാൻ രാജ്യങ്ങളെ കൂടുതൽ ശക്തരാക്കുക: സാമ്പത്തിക മാന്ദ്യങ്ങൾ, പ്രകൃതി ദുരന്തങ്ങൾ, അല്ലെങ്കിൽ മറ്റ് വലിയ ആഘാതങ്ങൾ എന്നിവപോലെയുള്ള അപ്രതീക്ഷിത പ്രശ്നങ്ങളെ ചെറുക്കാൻ രാജ്യങ്ങളെ കൂടുതൽ ശക്തരാക്കുക. വികസനത്തിൽ അവർ ഇതിനകം നേടിയ പുരോഗതി സംരക്ഷിക്കുക എന്നതാണ് ആശയം. 🧠 UGC NET (Nov 2021) Sample Question Question: Given below are two statements: (A) There has to be an integrated approach to achieve targets of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). (R) Many of the SDGs are interconnected. Options: a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A) b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A) c) (A) is true, but (R) is false d) (A) is false, but (R) is true ✅ Correct Answer: a) The SDGs are interconnected (e.g., education affects health, gender equality affects poverty). Hence, an integrated approach is necessary. 📘 10 Sample MCQs for Practice How many Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were formulated? a) 6 b) 8 c) 12 d) 10 ✅ Ans: b What was the target year for achieving the MDGs? a) 2010 b) 2015 c) 2020 d) 2025 ✅ Ans: b Which goal among the SDGs focuses on 'Quality Education'? a) Goal 2 b) Goal 3 c) Goal 4 d) Goal 6 ✅ Ans: c Which of the following was NOT a goal of MDGs? a) Promote Gender Equality b) Quality Education c) Reduce Child Mortality d) Combat HIV/AIDS ✅ Ans: b (It was "Universal Primary Education" in MDGs; "Quality Education" came in SDGs) Which SDG deals with ‘Climate Action’? a) Goal 11 b) Goal 12 c) Goal 13 d) Goal 15 ✅ Ans: c UNDP’s Strategic Plan (2018–2021) does NOT include: a) Building resilience b) Eradicating poverty c) Promoting regional conflicts d) Sustainable transformations ✅ Ans: c What is the number of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)? a) 8 b) 10 c) 15 d) 17 ✅ Ans: d SDGs came into effect in: a) 2015 b) 2016 c) 2017 d) 2018 ✅ Ans: b Which SDG aims to ‘Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation’? a) Goal 5 b) Goal 6 c) Goal 7 d) Goal 9 ✅ Ans: b Which body released the final MDG report? a) UNEP b) UNHCR c) UNDP d) WHO ✅ Ans: c Environmental Issues 🔸 Definition of Pollution The addition of undesirable materials (pollutants) into the environment due to human activities. Affects air, water, and soil, leading to health and ecological issues. 1️⃣ AIR POLLUTION 🔹 Definition Presence of harmful gases, liquids or solids in the air that affect living organisms. Measured using the Air Quality Index (AQI). 🧪 Major Pollutants Carbon Monoxide (CO) – from automobiles, deadly above 40% exposure. Sulphur Dioxide (SO₂) – from volcanoes, power plants, refineries. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂) – from vehicles, causes respiratory problems. Particulate Matter (PM2.5, PM10) – from coal combustion, ash, dust. Ground Level Ozone (O₃) – formed by reaction of sunlight with pollutants. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) – from ACs and fridges, depletes ozone. 🩺 Diseases Caused by Air Pollution COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) Asthma, Pneumonia Lung Cancer – 29% of cases linked to air pollution (WHO) Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis Eye, Skin & Throat irritation ⚠️ Toxic Elements & Related Diseases Mercury – Minamata disease Cadmium – Itai-Itai disease Lead – Displexia Coal dust – Pneumoconiosis (Black Lung) Nitrate – Blue Baby Syndrome 🛑 Prevention Measures Use CNG, LPG, biogas for cooking. Eco-friendly industrial tech. Emission norms for vehicles. Strict penalties for polluters. Promote clean fuels. Understand smog and Sick Building Syndrome (SBS). 2️⃣ WATER POLLUTION 🔹 Definition Contamination of water by harmful substances causing damage to living organisms. 🧪 Major Pollutants Industrial Waste (untreated) Sewage Water (unfiltered) Pesticides & Chemicals Oil Spills Heavy Metals: Mercury, Cadmium, Lead, Arsenic Thermal Pollution: Hot water from industries 🩺 Diseases Due to Water Pollution Neurological damage (pesticides) Cancer (benzene, chlorides) Reproductive issues Digestive tract cancer (nitrates) Arsenic poisoning – skin cancer, neurological damage 💧 Waterborne Diseases Amoebiasis Diarrhea Giardiasis Dysentery Typhoid E. coli infection 🛑 Prevention Measures Sewage treatment Industrial filtration Wastewater recycling Rainwater harvesting Oil spill control Groundwater conservation 3️⃣ SOIL POLLUTION 🔹 Definition Presence of harmful substances in soil that reduce fertility and productivity. 🧪 Causes of Soil Pollution Use of contaminated water for agriculture Fertilizers and pesticides Plastic waste Industrial chemical residues Landfills Non-biodegradable waste 🧪 Soil Pollution 🔹 Causes: Contaminated water used for irrigation Excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides Plastic waste and non-biodegradable materials Industrial chemical residues Landfills and runoff from dumpsites 🧬 Diseases from Soil Pollution: Entry into body via skin contact or consumption of contaminated food Lead is a major pollutant: causes anemia, neurological damage, reproductive toxicity Short-term exposure: headache, nausea, vomiting, coughing Long-term effects: cancer, organ damage, developmental delays in children 🛑 Preventive Measures: Recycling of waste Solid waste management Sewage treatment Use of organic fertilizers and manures Avoid harsh chemical fertilizers Proper biomedical waste management Clean water usage 🔊 Noise Pollution 🔹 Sources: Quarrying, stone cutting, industrial machinery Vehicles, horns, loudspeakers Poorly maintained home appliances 🔉 Normal Noise Levels (WHO): Day: 45 dB Night: 35 dB 🧬 Health Issues: Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) High blood pressure, hypertension Sleep disorders, stress, depression In children: reduced memory, attention, reading skills Aggression, mood swings 🛑 Preventive Measures: Regulate vehicle noise levels Awareness against excessive use of loudspeakers Promote urban green cover and parks Maintain home appliances Create silent zones near schools and hospitals ☢️ Radioactive Pollution 🔹 Sources: Nuclear accidents (e.g., Chernobyl, Fukushima) Nuclear weapon testing Improper radioactive waste disposal Cosmic rays, mining, and radioisotopes in water bodies ☣️ Emissions: Alpha (α), Beta (β), Gamma (γ) radiation 🧬 Health Hazards: Cancer, especially thyroid and blood cancers Genetic mutations, infertility Damage to nervous system, kidneys, skin In-utero exposure affects child brain development 🛑 Preventive Measures: Proper disposal and labelling of radioactive waste Ban on nuclear testing Prohibit nuclear dumping in water Promote safe recycling and strict monitoring of nuclear sites ⚠️ Specific Heavy Metal Poisoning 🔸 Arsenic Causes: contaminated groundwater Disease: Arsenicosis – skin lesions, cancer, cardiovascular issues Developmental delays in children and early deaths 🔸 Mercury Main source: contaminated seafood Disease: Minamata disease (CNS damage from methylmercury) Neurological, kidney, and respiratory damage 🔸 Lead Found in: battery industries, paints, pipes, petrol (old) Effects: Anemia, hypertension, kidney damage Mental retardation, learning disability Miscarriage, reproductive toxicity 🧠 Quick Revision: Environmental Pollutants & Their Effects Pollutant Disease/Impact Lead Neurological damage, anemia, miscarriage Mercury Minamata disease, kidney/nerve damage Cadmium Itai-Itai disease, bone weakening Nitrate Blue Baby Syndrome Arsenic Arsenicosis, cancer, cognitive delays SO₂/NO₂ Respiratory illness, eye/skin irritation Noise Hearing loss, hypertension, child learning issues Radioactive waste Cancer, genetic mutation, CNS damage Question 1: [Nov.2017] Which of the following pollutants is the major cause of respiratory diseases? a) Suspended Fine Particles b) Nitrogen Oxides c) Carbon Monoxide d) Volatile Organic Compounds Ans : a Question 2: [Dec.2016] Which of the following phenomena is not a natural hazard? a) Wildfire b) Lightning c) Landslide d) Chemical Contamination Ans : d Question 3: [Nov.2017] Which of the following pollutant gases is not produced both naturally and as a result of industrial activity? a) Chlorofluorocarbons b) Nitrous Oxide c) Methane d) Carbon dioxide Ans : a Question 4: [Jan.2017] The dominant source of pollution due to oxides of nitrogen in urban areas is a) Road Transport b) Commercial Sector c) Energy use in industry d) Power Plants Ans : a Question 5: [Dec.2015] Inside rural homes, the source/sources of nitrogen oxide pollution may be: i. Unvented gas stoves ii. Wood stoves iii. Kerosene heaters Choose the correct code: a) Only (i) and (ii) b) Only (ii) and (iii) c) Only (ii) d) (i), (ii) and (iii) Ans : d TIME FOR SOME QUESTIONS Question 1: Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of hazardous waste? a) It is toxic b) It is flammable c) It is reactive d) It is biodegradable Ans : d Question 2: Which of the following is NOT a common method of hazardous waste disposal? a) Incineration b) Landfilling c) Deep-well injection d) Recycling Ans : d Question 3: Which of the following is the most common method of solid waste disposal in developing countries? a) Incineration b) Landfilling c) Composting d) Recycling Ans : b Question 4: Assertion (A): Landfills are a major source of air and water pollution. Reasoning (R): Landfills release methane gas, a greenhouse gas, and leachate, a contaminated liquid, into the environment. a) Both the (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is a correct explanation of (A). b) Both the (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. Ans : a Question 5: Assertion (A): Biomedical waste is a hazardous waste that should be treated separately from solid waste. Reasoning (R): Biomedical waste can contain infectious agents that can harm human health. a) Both the (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is a correct explanation of (A). b) Both the (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. Ans : a 🌍 Pollution and Its Types Definition: Unwanted addition of harmful substances (pollutants) into the environment due to human activity. Types of Pollution: Air Pollution: Harmful gases or particles in the air (e.g., CO, SO2, PM2.5) Water Pollution: Contamination by industrial waste, sewage, chemicals Soil Pollution: Use of chemical fertilizers, plastic, contaminated water Noise Pollution: Unwanted sound from vehicles, industries, loudspeakers Radioactive Pollution: Emission of harmful radioactive rays (e.g., gamma rays) 🚽 Waste Management Types of Waste: Solid Waste: Household scraps, metals, plastics, debris Liquid Waste: Sewage, industrial effluents Biomedical Waste: Hospital waste (syringes, tissues) Hazardous Waste: Batteries, chemicals, paint, explosives E-Waste: Discarded electronics and appliances Preventive Measures: Waste segregation Recycling and composting Color-coded biomedical waste disposal Safe storage & treatment of hazardous/radioactive waste ❄️ Climate Change Impacts Melting glaciers, sea-level rise UV exposure due to ozone depletion Increased frequency of floods, droughts, cyclones Crop failure, loss of biodiversity 📄 Government Schemes & Laws Solid Waste Management Rules (2016) Plastic Waste Management Rules (2018) E-Waste Rules (2016) National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) UJALA Scheme – LED use promotion 📈 Population: Terms and Concepts Census: Official count of population every 10 years. First in 1872. Demography: Study of population structure and trends. Demographic Dividend: More working-age population than dependents. Population Growth Rate: Rate of increase in population. Population Density: Number of people per unit area. Infant Mortality Rate: Deaths of children under 1 year per 1000 births. Life Expectancy Rate: Average lifespan of a healthy person. Migration: Movement of people; includes immigration and emigration. 🌎 Human Development Index (HDI) Measures development on a scale of 0 to 1.0 Components: Life expectancy, Education, Per capita income മനുഷ്യ വികസന സൂചിക, അഥവാ HDI, രാജ്യങ്ങൾക്കുള്ള ഒരു പ്രത്യേക റിപ്പോർട്ട് കാർഡ് പോലെയാണ്. ഒരു രാജ്യം എത്രത്തോളം സമ്പന്നമാണെന്ന് മാത്രം നോക്കുന്നതിന് പകരം (സാധാരണയായി പണം ഉപയോഗിച്ചാണ് ഇത് അളക്കുന്നത്), ആളുകൾ എത്രത്തോളം മെച്ചപ്പെട്ട ജീവിതം നയിക്കുന്നു എന്ന് HDI പരിശോധിക്കുന്നു. ഇത് ഒരു രാജ്യത്തിന്റെ വികസനം 0 (വളരെ കുറഞ്ഞ മനുഷ്യ വികസനം) മുതൽ 1.0 (വളരെ ഉയർന്ന മനുഷ്യ വികസനം) വരെയുള്ള സ്കെയിലിൽ അളക്കുന്നു. ഈ സ്കോർ നൽകാൻ മൂന്ന് പ്രധാന കാര്യങ്ങൾ ഇത് ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നു: ആയുർദൈർഘ്യം (Life Expectancy): ആ രാജ്യത്തെ ആളുകൾ ശരാശരി എത്ര വർഷം ജീവിക്കുമെന്ന് പ്രതീക്ഷിക്കുന്നു എന്നത്. ഇത് അവരുടെ ആരോഗ്യത്തെയും ക്ഷേമത്തെയും കുറിച്ച് പറയുന്നു. വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം (Education): ആളുകൾക്ക് എത്രത്തോളം വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം ലഭിക്കുന്നു എന്നത്. മുതിർന്നവർക്ക് എത്ര വർഷത്തെ സ്കൂൾ വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം ലഭിച്ചു, കുട്ടികൾ എത്ര വർഷം സ്കൂളിൽ പോകുമെന്ന് പ്രതീക്ഷിക്കുന്നു തുടങ്ങിയ കാര്യങ്ങൾ ഇത് പരിശോധിക്കുന്നു. പ്രതിശീർഷ വരുമാനം (Per Capita Income): ആ രാജ്യത്തെ ഓരോ വ്യക്തിയും ശരാശരി എത്ര പണം സമ്പാദിക്കുന്നു എന്നത്. ഇത് അവരുടെ ജീവിത നിലവാരത്തെയും വിഭവങ്ങളിലേക്കുള്ള പ്രവേശനത്തെയും പ്രതിഫലിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. Top 2021 Rankings: Switzerland (0.962) – 84.0 years Norway (0.961) – 83.2 Iceland (0.959) – 82.7 Hong Kong (0.952) – 85.5 Australia (0.951) – 84.5 India Rank: 132 (0.633) South Sudan: Lowest (0.385) In the 2023 Human Development Index (HDI) report, India's rank is 130 out of 193 countries. This is an improvement from its 2022 rank of 133. India's HDI value also increased from 0.676 in 2022 to 0.685 in 2023, placing it in the medium human development category. 🔢 Population Pyramids Graphical display of age and sex distribution. Help identify: Youth/ageing population Population growth trends Economic & healthcare planning Education needs & resource allocation ഒരു രാജ്യത്ത് എത്ര സ്ത്രീകളും പുരുഷന്മാരും ഉണ്ടെന്നും, അവരെ വിവിധ പ്രായ വിഭാഗങ്ങളായി (ഉദാഹരണത്തിന്, 0-4 വയസ്സുള്ളവർ, 5-9 വയസ്സുള്ളവർ എന്നിങ്ങനെ) തിരിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നു എന്നും കാണിക്കുന്ന ഒരു പ്രത്യേകതരം ബാർ ഗ്രാഫിനെക്കുറിച്ച് ചിന്തിക്കുക. ഈ ഗ്രാഫിനെയാണ് ജനസംഖ്യാ പിരമിഡ് (Population Pyramid) എന്ന് പറയുന്നത്. ധാരാളം ചെറുപ്പക്കാരും കുറഞ്ഞ പ്രായമായവരുമാണെങ്കിൽ ഇതിന് ഒരു പിരമിഡിന്റെ ആകൃതിയുണ്ടാകും, എന്നാൽ ഒരു രാജ്യത്തിന്റെ ജനസംഖ്യ അനുസരിച്ച് ഇതിന്റെ ആകൃതിക്ക് മാറ്റങ്ങൾ വരാം. ഈ പിരമിഡുകൾക്ക് വളരെയധികം ഉപയോഗങ്ങളുണ്ട് കാരണം അവ നമ്മളെ മനസ്സിലാക്കാൻ സഹായിക്കുന്നു: യുവജനങ്ങളും പ്രായമായവരും: ഒരു രാജ്യത്ത് ധാരാളം ചെറുപ്പക്കാരുണ്ടോ (വീതിയുള്ള അടിഭാഗം) അതോ പ്രായമായവരുടെ എണ്ണം വർദ്ധിക്കുന്നുണ്ടോ (കൂടുതൽ വീതിയുള്ള മുകൾഭാഗം) എന്ന് നമുക്ക് പെട്ടെന്ന് കാണാൻ കഴിയും. പെൻഷൻ പ്ലാനിംഗ്, ആരോഗ്യസംരക്ഷണം തുടങ്ങിയ കാര്യങ്ങളിൽ ഇത് പ്രധാനമാണ്. ജനസംഖ്യാ വളർച്ചാ പ്രവണതകൾ: ജനസംഖ്യ അതിവേഗം വളരുകയാണോ (വേഗത്തിൽ ചുരുങ്ങുന്ന വീതിയുള്ള അടിഭാഗം), സ്ഥിരമായി നിൽക്കുകയാണോ (കൂടുതൽ ചതുരാകൃതിയിൽ), അതോ ചുരുങ്ങുകയാണോ (കുറഞ്ഞ അടിഭാഗം) എന്ന് ആകൃതി നമ്മളോട് പറയുന്നു. സാമ്പത്തിക, ആരോഗ്യ സംരക്ഷണ ആസൂത്രണം: പ്രായം തിരിച്ചുള്ള വിവരങ്ങൾ സർക്കാരുകളെ ജോലികൾ, പാർപ്പിടം, ആശുപത്രികൾ, വിവിധ പ്രായക്കാർക്ക് ആവശ്യമായ വ്യത്യസ്ത തരം മെഡിക്കൽ പരിചരണം എന്നിവ ആസൂത്രണം ചെയ്യാൻ സഹായിക്കുന്നു. വിദ്യാഭ്യാസ ആവശ്യങ്ങളും വിഭവ വിതരണവും: ധാരാളം കൊച്ചുകുട്ടികളുണ്ടെങ്കിൽ, ഒരു രാജ്യത്തിന് കൂടുതൽ സ്കൂളുകളും അധ്യാപകരെയും ആസൂത്രണം ചെയ്യേണ്ടതുണ്ട്. കുട്ടികൾ കുറവാണെങ്കിൽ, വിഭവങ്ങൾ മാറിയേക്കാം. ഏറ്റവും ആവശ്യമുള്ളിടത്ത് വിഭവങ്ങൾ വിതരണം ചെയ്യാൻ ഇത് സഹായിക്കുന്നു. 🧬 Ecological Aspects Ecology: Study of interactions among organisms and their environment. Ecosystem: Term by A.G. Tansley (1935), the self-sustaining unit of nature. Interaction of biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components. Examples: Forest ecosystem, pond ecosystem. 🧬 Ecological Aspects പാരിസ്ഥിതിക വശങ്ങൾ Categories of Ecosystem Aquatic Ecosystem: Life under water (e.g., ponds, oceans) Terrestrial Ecosystem: Forests, deserts, grasslands Natural Ecosystem: Biotic Components: Producers, Consumers, Decomposers Abiotic Components: Soil, Water, Nutrients Man-Made Ecosystem: Agricultural fields നമ്മുടെ ചുറ്റുപാടുമുള്ള ജീവജാലങ്ങളും അവ ജീവിക്കുന്ന ചുറ്റുപാടും തമ്മിലുള്ള ബന്ധമാണ് ഒരു ആവാസവ്യവസ്ഥ (Ecosystem). ഇതിനെ പ്രധാനമായി രണ്ടായി തിരിക്കാം: വെള്ളത്തിലുള്ള ആവാസവ്യവസ്ഥ (Aquatic Ecosystem) - ഉദാഹരണത്തിന് കുളങ്ങളും കടലുകളും; കരയിലുള്ള ആവാസവ്യവസ്ഥ (Terrestrial Ecosystem) - ഉദാഹരണത്തിന് വനങ്ങളും മരുഭൂമികളും പുൽമേടുകളും. ഒരു സ്വാഭാവിക ആവാസവ്യവസ്ഥയിൽ (Natural Ecosystem) ജീവനുള്ള ഘടകങ്ങളായ സസ്യങ്ങൾ (Producers), മൃഗങ്ങൾ (Consumers), മൃതശരീരങ്ങളെ ദഹിപ്പിക്കുന്നവ (Decomposers) എന്നിവയുമുണ്ട്. ജീവനില്ലാത്ത ഘടകങ്ങളായ മണ്ണ്, വെള്ളം, പോഷകങ്ങൾ എന്നിവയും ഇതിൽപ്പെടുന്നു. മനുഷ്യൻ നിർമ്മിക്കുന്ന ആവാസവ്യവസ്ഥയ്ക്ക് ഉദാഹരണമാണ് കൃഷിസ്ഥലങ്ങൾ (Man-Made Ecosystem). Human-Environment Interaction Occurs in 3 forms: Depend: Reliance on environment for food, shelter, clothing Example: Food chain, food web Modify: Altering the environment to suit needs Example: Using air-conditioners Adapt: Adjusting to environmental conditions Example: Crop cultivation based on seasons മനുഷ്യനും പരിസ്ഥിതിയും തമ്മിലുള്ള ഇടപെടൽ മനുഷ്യനും ചുറ്റുപാടുമുള്ള പരിസ്ഥിതിയും തമ്മിൽ നിരന്തരമായ ബന്ധമുണ്ട്. ഈ ഇടപെടൽ പ്രധാനമായും മൂന്ന് രീതികളിലാണ് നടക്കുന്നത്: ഒന്നാമതായി, ഭക്ഷണം, പാർപ്പിടം, വസ്ത്രം തുടങ്ങിയ അടിസ്ഥാന ആവശ്യങ്ങൾക്കായി മനുഷ്യൻ പരിസ്ഥിതിയെ ആശ്രയിക്കുന്നു (ഉദാഹരണത്തിന്, ഭക്ഷണ ശൃംഖലകൾ). രണ്ടാമതായി, സ്വന്തം ആവശ്യങ്ങൾക്കനുസരിച്ച് മനുഷ്യൻ പരിസ്ഥിതിയെ മാറ്റം വരുത്തുന്നു (ഉദാഹരണത്തിന്, എയർ കണ്ടീഷണറുകൾ ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നത്). അവസാനമായി, പരിസ്ഥിതിയിലെ സാഹചര്യങ്ങൾക്കനുസരിച്ച് മനുഷ്യൻ അനുരൂപപ്പെടുന്നു (ഉദാഹരണത്തിന്, കാലാവസ്ഥയ്ക്കനുസരിച്ച് വിളകൾ കൃഷി ചെയ്യുന്നത്). Ecological Pyramids (Eltonian Pyramid – Charles Elton, 1927) ഒരു ആവാസവ്യവസ്ഥയിൽ (കാടോ കുളമോ പോലെ) ജീവികൾ പരസ്പരം കഴിക്കുമ്പോൾ, ഓരോ ഭക്ഷണ നിരപ്പിലും എത്ര എണ്ണം ജീവികളുണ്ടെന്നും, എത്ര ഭാരമുണ്ടെന്നും, എത്ര ഊർജ്ജമുണ്ടെന്നും കാണിക്കുന്ന ഗ്രാഫുകളാണ് പാരിസ്ഥിതിക പിരമിഡുകൾ. സാധാരണയായി, മുകളിലേക്ക് പോകുന്തോറും ഇവയുടെ വലിപ്പം കുറഞ്ഞുവരും. Used to represent proportion and energy at different trophic levels: Pyramid of Numbers: Shows number of individuals at each trophic level Higher levels usually have fewer individuals സംഖ്യാ പിരമിഡ് (Pyramid of Numbers) – 🔸 എന്താണ് കാണിക്കുന്നത്? ഓരോ ഭക്ഷണ നിരപ്പിലും (trophic level) എത്ര ജീവികൾ ഉണ്ടെന്നത് കാണിക്കുന്നു. അടിയിൽ: ഏറ്റവും കൂടുതലുള്ളത് സസ്യങ്ങൾ (Producers) അതിനെ ഭക്ഷിക്കുന്നവ: കുറച്ച് സസ്യഭോജികൾ (Primary consumers) അവയെ ഭക്ഷിക്കുന്നവ: അതിലുമാകുറച്ച് മാംസഭോജികൾ (Secondary/tertiary consumers) 👉 അതിനാൽ, പിരമിഡ് അടിയിൽ കുനിഞ്ഞിരിക്കുന്നതുപോലെ, താഴെ വീതിയുള്ളതും മുകളിലേക്ക് പോകുന്തോറും ചുരുങ്ങുന്നതുമായിരിക്കും. 🔸 സാധാരണ ആകൃതി: വിപുലമായ അടിഭാഗം, കുതിർന്ന മുകളിൽ കുറച്ച് ജീവികൾ ആകൃതി: 🔻 (Triangle pointing up) ✅ ഉദാഹരണം: 1000 സസ്യങ്ങൾ  ➡️ 100 സസ്യഭോജികൾ (ഉദാ: മിറگاൾ)   ➡️ 10 മാംസഭോജികൾ (ഉദാ: കൊറ്റി) ഉയർന്ന തലങ്ങളിൽ ആഹാരം ലഭിക്കാനുള്ള മത്സരം കൂടുന്നതും, ഊർജമാറ്റത്തിൽ നഷ്ടം ഉണ്ടാകുന്നതും കൊണ്ടാണ് ഈ കുറവ്. Pyramid of Biomass: Biomass = Total weight of organisms at each level Decreases with increasing trophic levels Pyramid of Energy: Represents energy flow through food chain Energy diminishes at each level due to loss as heat Ecology: Study of interactions among organisms and their environment. Ecosystem: Term by A.G. Tansley (1935), the self-sustaining unit of nature. Interaction of biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components. Examples: Forest ecosystem, pond ecosystem. ജൈവഭാര പിരമിഡ് (Pyramid of Biomass): എന്ത് കാണിക്കുന്നു: ഓരോ ഭക്ഷണ നിരപ്പിലുമുള്ള എല്ലാ ജീവികളുടെയും മൊത്തം ഉണങ്ങിയ ഭാരം (ജൈവഭാരം) ഇത് കാണിക്കുന്നു. ലളിതമായ വിശദീകരണം: ഒരു പ്രദേശത്തെ എല്ലാ സസ്യങ്ങളെയും, ആ സസ്യങ്ങളെ കഴിക്കുന്ന എല്ലാ മൃഗങ്ങളെയും, ആ മൃഗങ്ങളെ കഴിക്കുന്ന എല്ലാ മൃഗങ്ങളെയും തൂക്കി നോക്കിയാൽ, ഓരോ പടിയിലും മൊത്തം ഭാരം കുറയുന്നത് കാണാം. സാധാരണ ആകൃതി: ഉയർന്ന ട്രോഫിക് ലെവലുകളിലേക്ക് പോകുന്തോറും ജീവജാലങ്ങളുടെ മൊത്തം ഭാരം സാധാരണയായി കുറയുന്നു. ഊർജ്ജ പിരമിഡ് (Pyramid of Energy): എന്ത് കാണിക്കുന്നു: ഭക്ഷണ ശൃംഖലയിലൂടെ ഊർജ്ജം എങ്ങനെ ഒഴുകുകയും കുറയുകയും ചെയ്യുന്നു എന്ന് ഇത് വ്യക്തമാക്കുന്നു. ലളിതമായ വിശദീകരണം: ഊർജ്ജം സൂര്യനിൽ നിന്ന് വരുന്നു (സസ്യങ്ങൾ ഇത് പിടിച്ചെടുക്കുന്നു). ഒരു ജീവി മറ്റൊന്നിനെ കഴിക്കുമ്പോൾ, ഊർജ്ജത്തിന്റെ ഏകദേശം 10% മാത്രമേ കൈമാറ്റം ചെയ്യപ്പെടുന്നുള്ളൂ; ബാക്കി, മിക്കവാറും താപമായി, ജീവിത പ്രക്രിയകളിൽ നഷ്ടപ്പെടുന്നു. ഓരോ ഘട്ടത്തിലും ഇത്രയധികം ഊർജ്ജം നഷ്ടപ്പെടുന്നതിനാൽ, ഉയർന്ന തലങ്ങളിൽ ഊർജ്ജം വളരെ കുറവായിരിക്കും. എപ്പോഴും നേരെയായിരിക്കും: ഈ പിരമിഡ് എപ്പോഴും നേരെയായിരിക്കും (അടിഭാഗത്ത് വീതിയുള്ളതും മുകളിൽ ചുരുങ്ങുന്നതും), കാരണം ഊർജ്ജം ഓരോ തലത്തിലും എപ്പോഴും കുറയുന്നു. അടിയിൽ ഉണ്ടായിരുന്ന ഊർജ്ജത്തേക്കാൾ കൂടുതൽ ഊർജ്ജം നിങ്ങൾക്ക് സൃഷ്ടിക്കാൻ കഴിയില്ല. പരിസ്ഥിതിശാസ്ത്രം (Ecology) & ആവാസവ്യവസ്ഥ (Ecosystem) പരിസ്ഥിതിശാസ്ത്രം (Ecology): ലളിതമായ വിശദീകരണം: പരിസ്ഥിതിശാസ്ത്രം എന്നാൽ ജീവജാലങ്ങൾ പരസ്പരം എങ്ങനെ ഇടപഴകുന്നു എന്നും, അവ ജീവനില്ലാത്ത ചുറ്റുപാടുമായി എങ്ങനെ ബന്ധപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്നു എന്നും പഠിക്കുന്ന ശാസ്ത്രശാഖയാണ്. പ്രകൃതിയിലെ സങ്കീർണ്ണമായ ബന്ധങ്ങളെ മനസ്സിലാക്കുക എന്നതാണ് ഇതിന്റെ ലക്ഷ്യം. ആവാസവ്യവസ്ഥ (Ecosystem): പേര് നൽകിയത്: ഈ പദം ആദ്യമായി ഉപയോഗിച്ചത് എ.ജി. ടാൻസ്‌ലി 1935-ൽ ആണ്. ലളിതമായ വിശദീകരണം: ഒരു ആവാസവ്യവസ്ഥ എന്നത് പ്രകൃതിയിലെ ഒരു സ്വയം നിലനിൽക്കുന്ന ഇടമാണ്. ഇവിടെ സസ്യങ്ങൾ, മൃഗങ്ങൾ, സൂക്ഷ്മാണുക്കൾ തുടങ്ങിയ ജീവികളും (biotic components); മണ്ണ്, വെള്ളം, സൂര്യപ്രകാശം, വായു തുടങ്ങിയ ജീവനില്ലാത്ത ഘടകങ്ങളും (abiotic components) പരസ്പരം ഇടപഴകുകയും ഒരു സന്തുലിതമായ പ്രകൃതിയുടെ ഭാഗമായി പ്രവർത്തിക്കുകയും ചെയ്യുന്നു. ഉദാഹരണങ്ങൾ: ഒരു കാട് ഒരു ആവാസവ്യവസ്ഥയാണ്, അവിടെ മരങ്ങൾ, മൃഗങ്ങൾ, പ്രാണികൾ, മണ്ണ്, മഴ എന്നിവയെല്ലാം പരസ്പരം ഇടപഴകുന്നു. ഒരു ചെറിയ കുളവും ഒരു ആവാസവ്യവസ്ഥയാണ്, അവിടെ മീനുകൾ, തവളകൾ, പായൽ, വെള്ളം, കല്ലുകൾ എന്നിവയെല്ലാം പരസ്പരം ബന്ധപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്നു. Here are notes with a simple explanation of Ecological Pyramids, Ecology, and Ecosystem, along with MCQs and answers, in both English and Malayalam. Ecological Pyramids, Ecology & Ecosystem Ecological Pyramids (Eltonian Pyramid – Charles Elton, 1927) Imagine an ecosystem (like a forest or a pond) where different living things eat each other. Ecological pyramids are ways to show how much number, weight (biomass), or energy there is at each level of who eats whom. They typically get narrower as you go up, showing less at the top. Pyramid of Numbers: What it shows: This pyramid simply counts the number of individual organisms at each feeding level (trophic level). Simple Explanation: Think of how many plants (producers) there are, then how many herbivores (plant-eaters) eat those plants, and then how many carnivores (meat-eaters) eat those herbivores. Typical Shape: Usually, there are far more plants than plant-eaters, and far more plant-eaters than meat-eaters. So, the base (producers) is wide, and it gets narrower as you go up. This means higher levels usually have fewer individuals. Pyramid of Biomass: What it shows: This pyramid represents the total dry weight (biomass) of all organisms at each feeding level. Simple Explanation: If you could weigh all the plants in an area, then all the animals that eat those plants, and then all the animals that eat those animals, you'd usually find the total weight decreases at each step. Typical Shape: The total weight of living matter generally decreases as you move up the trophic levels. For example, a forest has a much greater total weight of trees than deer, and a greater total weight of deer than wolves. Pyramid of Energy: What it shows: This pyramid illustrates how energy flows and decreases as it moves up through the food chain. Simple Explanation: Energy comes from the sun (captured by plants). When one organism eats another, only about 10% of the energy is transferred; the rest is lost, mostly as heat, during life processes. Because so much energy is lost at each step, there's less and less energy available at higher levels. Always Upright: This pyramid is always upright (wider at the bottom, narrower at the top) because energy always diminishes at each level. You can't create more energy than what was originally at the bottom. Ecology & Ecosystem Ecology: Simple Explanation: Ecology is simply the scientific study of how living things interact with each other and with their non-living environment. It's about understanding the complex web of relationships in nature. Ecosystem: Term by: This term was first used by A.G. Tansley in 1935. Simple Explanation: An ecosystem is like a self-contained natural neighborhood. It's a place where all the living things (biotic components) like plants, animals, and microorganisms, are interacting with each other, and also with the non-living things (abiotic components) like soil, water, sunlight, and air. They all work together to form a balanced unit of nature. Examples: A forest is an ecosystem, where trees, animals, insects, soil, and rain all interact. A small pond is also an ecosystem, with fish, frogs, algae, water, and rocks all connected. മലയാളത്തിൽ ലളിതമായ വിശദീകരണം (Simple Explanation in Malayalam) പാരിസ്ഥിതിക പിരമിഡുകൾ (Ecological Pyramids) ഒരു ആവാസവ്യവസ്ഥയിൽ (കാടോ കുളമോ പോലെ) ജീവികൾ പരസ്പരം കഴിക്കുമ്പോൾ, ഓരോ ഭക്ഷണ നിരപ്പിലും എത്ര എണ്ണം ജീവികളുണ്ടെന്നും, എത്ര ഭാരമുണ്ടെന്നും, എത്ര ഊർജ്ജമുണ്ടെന്നും കാണിക്കുന്ന ഗ്രാഫുകളാണ് പാരിസ്ഥിതിക പിരമിഡുകൾ. സാധാരണയായി, മുകളിലേക്ക് പോകുന്തോറും ഇവയുടെ വലിപ്പം കുറഞ്ഞുവരും. സംഖ്യാ പിരമിഡ് (Pyramid of Numbers): എന്ത് കാണിക്കുന്നു: ഓരോ ഭക്ഷണ നിരപ്പിലുമുള്ള ജീവികളുടെ എണ്ണം ഇത് കാണിക്കുന്നു. ലളിതമായ വിശദീകരണം: എത്ര സസ്യങ്ങളുണ്ട്, ആ സസ്യങ്ങളെ എത്ര സസ്യഭോജികൾ കഴിക്കുന്നു, ആ സസ്യഭോജികളെ എത്ര മാംസഭോജികൾ കഴിക്കുന്നു എന്ന് ചിന്തിക്കുക. സാധാരണയായി, സസ്യഭോജികളെക്കാൾ കൂടുതൽ സസ്യങ്ങളും, മാംസഭോജികളെക്കാൾ കൂടുതൽ സസ്യഭോജികളും ഉണ്ടാകും. അതുകൊണ്ട്, അടിഭാഗം (സസ്യങ്ങൾ) വീതിയുള്ളതും മുകളിലേക്ക് പോകുന്തോറും ചുരുങ്ങുന്നതുമായിരിക്കും. സാധാരണ ആകൃതി: ഉയർന്ന തലങ്ങളിൽ വ്യക്തികളുടെ എണ്ണം സാധാരണയായി കുറവായിരിക്കും. ജൈവഭാര പിരമിഡ് (Pyramid of Biomass): എന്ത് കാണിക്കുന്നു: ഓരോ ഭക്ഷണ നിരപ്പിലുമുള്ള എല്ലാ ജീവികളുടെയും മൊത്തം ഉണങ്ങിയ ഭാരം (ജൈവഭാരം) ഇത് കാണിക്കുന്നു. ലളിതമായ വിശദീകരണം: ഒരു പ്രദേശത്തെ എല്ലാ സസ്യങ്ങളെയും, ആ സസ്യങ്ങളെ കഴിക്കുന്ന എല്ലാ മൃഗങ്ങളെയും, ആ മൃഗങ്ങളെ കഴിക്കുന്ന എല്ലാ മൃഗങ്ങളെയും തൂക്കി നോക്കിയാൽ, ഓരോ പടിയിലും മൊത്തം ഭാരം കുറയുന്നത് കാണാം. സാധാരണ ആകൃതി: ഉയർന്ന ട്രോഫിക് ലെവലുകളിലേക്ക് പോകുന്തോറും ജീവജാലങ്ങളുടെ മൊത്തം ഭാരം സാധാരണയായി കുറയുന്നു. ഊർജ്ജ പിരമിഡ് (Pyramid of Energy): എന്ത് കാണിക്കുന്നു: ഭക്ഷണ ശൃംഖലയിലൂടെ ഊർജ്ജം എങ്ങനെ ഒഴുകുകയും കുറയുകയും ചെയ്യുന്നു എന്ന് ഇത് വ്യക്തമാക്കുന്നു. ലളിതമായ വിശദീകരണം: ഊർജ്ജം സൂര്യനിൽ നിന്ന് വരുന്നു (സസ്യങ്ങൾ ഇത് പിടിച്ചെടുക്കുന്നു). ഒരു ജീവി മറ്റൊന്നിനെ കഴിക്കുമ്പോൾ, ഊർജ്ജത്തിന്റെ ഏകദേശം 10% മാത്രമേ കൈമാറ്റം ചെയ്യപ്പെടുന്നുള്ളൂ; ബാക്കി, മിക്കവാറും താപമായി, ജീവിത പ്രക്രിയകളിൽ നഷ്ടപ്പെടുന്നു. ഓരോ ഘട്ടത്തിലും ഇത്രയധികം ഊർജ്ജം നഷ്ടപ്പെടുന്നതിനാൽ, ഉയർന്ന തലങ്ങളിൽ ഊർജ്ജം വളരെ കുറവായിരിക്കും. എപ്പോഴും നേരെയായിരിക്കും: ഈ പിരമിഡ് എപ്പോഴും നേരെയായിരിക്കും (അടിഭാഗത്ത് വീതിയുള്ളതും മുകളിൽ ചുരുങ്ങുന്നതും), കാരണം ഊർജ്ജം ഓരോ തലത്തിലും എപ്പോഴും കുറയുന്നു. അടിയിൽ ഉണ്ടായിരുന്ന ഊർജ്ജത്തേക്കാൾ കൂടുതൽ ഊർജ്ജം നിങ്ങൾക്ക് സൃഷ്ടിക്കാൻ കഴിയില്ല. പരിസ്ഥിതിശാസ്ത്രം (Ecology) & ആവാസവ്യവസ്ഥ (Ecosystem) പരിസ്ഥിതിശാസ്ത്രം (Ecology): ലളിതമായ വിശദീകരണം: പരിസ്ഥിതിശാസ്ത്രം എന്നാൽ ജീവജാലങ്ങൾ പരസ്പരം എങ്ങനെ ഇടപഴകുന്നു എന്നും, അവ ജീവനില്ലാത്ത ചുറ്റുപാടുമായി എങ്ങനെ ബന്ധപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്നു എന്നും പഠിക്കുന്ന ശാസ്ത്രശാഖയാണ്. പ്രകൃതിയിലെ സങ്കീർണ്ണമായ ബന്ധങ്ങളെ മനസ്സിലാക്കുക എന്നതാണ് ഇതിന്റെ ലക്ഷ്യം. ആവാസവ്യവസ്ഥ (Ecosystem): പേര് നൽകിയത്: ഈ പദം ആദ്യമായി ഉപയോഗിച്ചത് എ.ജി. ടാൻസ്‌ലി 1935-ൽ ആണ്. ലളിതമായ വിശദീകരണം: ഒരു ആവാസവ്യവസ്ഥ എന്നത് പ്രകൃതിയിലെ ഒരു സ്വയം നിലനിൽക്കുന്ന ഇടമാണ്. ഇവിടെ സസ്യങ്ങൾ, മൃഗങ്ങൾ, സൂക്ഷ്മാണുക്കൾ തുടങ്ങിയ ജീവികളും (biotic components); മണ്ണ്, വെള്ളം, സൂര്യപ്രകാശം, വായു തുടങ്ങിയ ജീവനില്ലാത്ത ഘടകങ്ങളും (abiotic components) പരസ്പരം ഇടപഴകുകയും ഒരു സന്തുലിതമായ പ്രകൃതിയുടെ ഭാഗമായി പ്രവർത്തിക്കുകയും ചെയ്യുന്നു. ഉദാഹരണങ്ങൾ: ഒരു കാട് ഒരു ആവാസവ്യവസ്ഥയാണ്, അവിടെ മരങ്ങൾ, മൃഗങ്ങൾ, പ്രാണികൾ, മണ്ണ്, മഴ എന്നിവയെല്ലാം പരസ്പരം ഇടപഴകുന്നു. ഒരു ചെറിയ കുളവും ഒരു ആവാസവ്യവസ്ഥയാണ്, അവിടെ മീനുകൾ, തവളകൾ, പായൽ, വെള്ളം, കല്ലുകൾ എന്നിവയെല്ലാം പരസ്പരം ബന്ധപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്നു. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) with Answers 1. Who coined the term "Ecosystem"? a) Charles Elton b) A.G. Tansley c) Ernst Haeckel d) Eugene Odum Answer: b) A.G. Tansley 2. Which type of ecological pyramid always remains upright (wider at the bottom and narrower at the top)? a) Pyramid of Numbers b) Pyramid of Biomass c) Pyramid of Energy d) All of the above Answer: c) Pyramid of Energy 3. What does "Biomass" in an ecological pyramid represent? a) The number of individuals at each trophic level. b) The total dry weight of organisms at each trophic level. c) The amount of energy transferred at each trophic level. d) The diversity of species at each trophic level. Answer: b) The total dry weight of organisms at each trophic level. 4. In a Pyramid of Numbers, how do the individuals at higher trophic levels typically compare to those at lower levels? a) Higher levels have more individuals. b) Higher levels have fewer individuals. c) The number remains constant across levels. d) The relationship varies unpredictably. Answer: b) Higher levels have fewer individuals. 5. What is the approximate percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to the next in an ecosystem? a) 100% b) 50% c) 25% d) 10% Answer: d) 10% Question 1: What is the primary purpose of conducting a population census? a) To determine the population of a country at a specific point in time. b) To analyze the distribution of income within a population. c) To assess the quality of healthcare services in a region. d) To track the migration patterns of individuals. Answer: a Question 2: Which field of study focuses on the statistical analysis of populations, including their size, composition, and distribution? a) Geography b) Anthropology c) Demography d) Sociology Answer: c Question 3: What does the Human Development Index (HDI) primarily measure? a) Economic growth of a country. b) Life expectancy, education, and per capita income. c) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. d) Industrialization and urbanization rates. Answer: b Question 4: Assertion (A): An increase in population density is a prerequisite for a country to experience the demographic dividend. Reasoning (R): The demographic dividend occurs when a country experiences a higher proportion of its population in the working-age group compared to dependent age groups. a) Both the (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is a correct explanation of (A). b) Both the (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. Answer: d Question 5: In a population pyramid, a broad base indicates: a) A declining birth rate. b) An aging population. c) A high birth rate. d) A stable population. Answer: c Question 7: A top-heavy population pyramid, with more elderly people, suggests: a) A young and growing population. b) An aging population. c) High birth rates and low mortality rates. d) A predominantly male population. Answer: b Question 8: Assertion (A): In a population with a high Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), the Life Expectancy Rate (LER) is typically lower. Reasoning (R): Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is a key indicator of the number of infants who die before their first birthday, while Life Expectancy Rate (LER) represents the average number of years a person can expect to live. a) Both the (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is a correct explanation of (A). b) Both the (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. Answer: b Question 9: In ecological studies, Eltonian Pyramids represent the biomass or energy at different trophic levels within an ecosystem. Which of the following statements about Eltonian Pyramids is correct? a) Eltonian Pyramids are always pyramid- shaped, with each trophic level having more biomass or energy than the one below. b) Eltonian Pyramids are a visual representation of the biodiversity within an ecosystem. c) Eltonian Pyramids can be inverted, with higher trophic levels having less biomass or energy than the one below. d) Eltonian Pyramids are primarily used to measure population density. Answer: c Natural Resources Examples: Soil, Water, Air, Forests, Rain, Biodiversity, Minerals, Fossil Fuels, Sunlight, Wind, etc. Issues: Excessive utilization leads to exploitation of resources. Growing population leads to deforestation, intense cultivation, and construction, causing: Severe environmental damage Pollution Depletion of resources Decrease in groundwater levels 1. Renewable Resources പുനരുപയോഗിക്കാവുന്ന വിഭവങ്ങൾ Resources that do not get exhausted and can be renewed even after use Sustainably available in adequate quantities Examples: Fresh air, freshwater, sunlight, biomass എന്താണ്: ഉപയോഗിക്കുമ്പോൾ തീർന്നുപോകാത്തതും, ഉപയോഗ ശേഷം വീണ്ടും ലഭ്യമാക്കാൻ കഴിയുന്നതുമായ വിഭവങ്ങളാണിവ. ലഭ്യത: ആവശ്യമായ അളവിൽ സുസ്ഥിരമായി (അതായത്, തീർന്നുപോകാതെ) ഇവ ലഭ്യമാണ്. ഉദാഹരണങ്ങൾ: ശുദ്ധമായ വായു (Fresh air) ശുദ്ധജലം (Freshwater) സൂര്യപ്രകാശം (Sunlight) ബയോമാസ് (ജൈവവസ്തുക്കൾ - Biomass) 2. Non-Renewable Resources Resources that get easily exhausted and cannot be renewed Limited quantities Extraction is costly and not always eco-friendly Examples: Petroleum (fossil fuels), coal, oil Categories of Natural Resources Energy Resources Mineral Resources Forest Resources (Includes both renewable and non-renewable resources) Classification: Primary Sources: Coal, Natural Gas, Oil, Nuclear Energy Secondary Sources: Sunlight, Wind, Water, etc. Solar Energy in India India has ideal geographical conditions for solar energy generation Government Initiatives: Solar Parks, Solar Plants, Solar Cities NAPCC & National Solar Mission: Aim for India to be a global leader in solar energy Programs: Off-grid and decentralized solar photovoltaic applications, grid-connected rooftop programs, SRISTI Scheme NAPCC & ദേശീയ സൗര ദൗത്യം (National Solar Mission) ലളിതമായ വിശദീകരണം (മലയാളം): ഇന്ത്യ കാലാവസ്ഥാ വ്യതിയാനത്തെ നേരിടാൻ തയ്യാറാക്കിയ വലിയൊരു പദ്ധതിയാണ് ദേശീയ കാലാവസ്ഥാ വ്യതിയാന കർമ്മ പദ്ധതി (National Action Plan on Climate Change - NAPCC). ഈ പദ്ധതിയിലെ എട്ട് പ്രധാന ദൗത്യങ്ങളിൽ ഒന്നാണ് ദേശീയ സൗര ദൗത്യം (National Solar Mission). ഈ ദൗത്യത്തിന്റെ പ്രധാന ലക്ഷ്യം, സൂര്യനിൽ നിന്നുള്ള ഊർജ്ജം (സൗരോർജ്ജം) ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നതിൽ ഇന്ത്യയെ ലോകത്തിലെ ഒരു മുൻനിര രാജ്യമാക്കുക എന്നതാണ്. ഇതിനായി പല പദ്ധതികളും നടപ്പിലാക്കുന്നുണ്ട്: ഓഫ്-ഗ്രിഡ്, വികേന്ദ്രീകൃത സൗര ഫോട്ടോവോൾട്ടായിക് അപ്ലിക്കേഷനുകൾ (Off-grid and decentralized solar photovoltaic applications): വൈദ്യുതി ലൈനുകളുമായി ബന്ധിപ്പിക്കാതെ, സ്വന്തമായി സൂര്യനിൽ നിന്ന് വൈദ്യുതി ഉണ്ടാക്കുന്ന സംവിധാനങ്ങൾ സ്ഥാപിക്കുക. ഉദാഹരണത്തിന്, ഉൾപ്രദേശങ്ങളിലെ വീടുകളിലോ കൃഷിയിടങ്ങളിലോ സോളാർ പാനലുകൾ വെച്ച് വൈദ്യുതി ഉത്പാദിപ്പിക്കുക. ഗ്രിഡ്-കണക്റ്റഡ് റൂഫ്‌ടോപ്പ് പ്രോഗ്രാമുകൾ (Grid-connected rooftop programs): വീടുകളുടെയും കെട്ടിടങ്ങളുടെയും മുകളിൽ സോളാർ പാനലുകൾ സ്ഥാപിച്ച്, അവിടെ നിന്ന് ലഭിക്കുന്ന വൈദ്യുതി നമ്മുടെ സാധാരണ വൈദ്യുതി ഗ്രിഡിലേക്ക് (മെയിൻ വൈദ്യുതി ലൈനിലേക്ക്) കൊടുക്കുന്ന പദ്ധതികൾ. ആവശ്യമെങ്കിൽ നമുക്ക് ഗ്രിഡിൽ നിന്ന് വൈദ്യുതിയെടുക്കുകയും ചെയ്യാം. സൃഷ്ടി പദ്ധതി (SRISTI Scheme): പൂർണ്ണ രൂപം (Full form): Sustainable Rooftop Implementation for Solar Transfiguration of India. എന്താണ്: ഇന്ത്യയുടെ മേൽക്കൂരകളിൽ സൗരോർജ്ജം സ്ഥാപിക്കുന്നത് പ്രോത്സാഹിപ്പിക്കുന്നതിനുള്ള ഒരു പ്രത്യേക പദ്ധതിയാണിത്. കൂടുതൽ ആളുകളെ അവരുടെ കെട്ടിടങ്ങളിൽ സോളാർ പാനലുകൾ വെക്കാൻ പ്രേരിപ്പിക്കുകയും, അതിലൂടെ ഇന്ത്യയുടെ ഊർജ്ജ ആവശ്യങ്ങൾ നിറവേറ്റുകയും ചെയ്യുക എന്നതാണ് ഈ പദ്ധതിയുടെ ലക്ഷ്യം. Renewable Energy Targets & Challenges (by 2022) Target: 175 GW 100 GW from Solar Power 60 GW from Wind Power 5 GW from Small Hydropower Projects 10 GW from Biomass Energy Reserves Challenges: Implementation and sustainability of solar power projects Renewable Energy Overview Wind Energy Power fluctuations with respect to wind Financial allocation of shareholders Threats to flying birds Noises from rotating blades Hydropower Power generated from flowing water Use of generators and turbines Current capacity: 25 MW [Source: Ministry of New & Renewable Energy; Small Hydropower] Challenges: Security issues Infrastructural availability in populated areas Natural hazards due to dam construction Geothermal Energy Generating energy from heat within the earth Renewable and sustainable Geothermal fields: Heat up to 100°C reaches upper layers – rise of vapours – produces energy Water is pumped in to produce vapours – rotates turbines to produce energy – water sucked in again to be reused Only installation cost matters – production of energy and maintenance of plant is cheaper India's Nuclear Energy Outlook Target by 2030: 22,480 MW Current capacity: 6,780 MW Current Nuclear Power Stations: 7 Target revision (August 2021) Electrical Power Target by 2030: 500 GW 300 GW from Solar Power 140 GW from Wind Power Remaining from Hybrid Energy Sources (Proposed in COP-26, Glasgow) Questions Question 1: (June 2015) In the recently launched Air Quality Index in India, which of the following pollutants is not included? Carbon Monoxide Fine Particulate Matter Ozone Chlorofluorocarbons Answer: 4 NATURAL HAZARDS 1. EARTHQUAKE Unusual and strong shaking of earth Movements in tectonic plates cause tremors There will be a focal point of tremor The surface directly above this point is called the Epicentre Types of Waves: Body Waves and Surface Waves cause tremors Measuring Earthquake: Frequency measured by seismographs on the Richter Scale, invented by Charles Richter (1935) Earthquake measured on a logarithmic scale of 1 to 10 Based on magnitudes, earthquakes are classified as follows: Magnitude Strength 3 - 3.9 Minor 4 - 4.9 Light 5 - 5.9 Moderate 6 - 6.9 Strong 7 - 7.9 Major 8 or more Great 2. FLOODS Overflow of surplus amounts of water onto normally dry land beyond limits The amount of water, flow, and speed determine the depth of the disaster Normally occurs in monsoons when surplus rainfall affects dam capacity Gates of dams may be opened to cause water inundation in low-lying areas 3. CYCLONE Occurs in areas with low barometric pressure A system of winds rotating inwards toward the center, in a northern hemispherical or southern hemispherical direction Powerful enough to throw away heavier objects and even affect mega structures 4. VOLCANO – Point Notes 🔸 What is a Volcano? A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s crust that allows molten rock (magma), ash, and gases to escape from below the surface. When magma erupts, it is called lava. 🔸 Causes of Volcanic Eruption: Movement of tectonic plates Pressure build-up due to heat and gases inside Earth Magma finding a weak spot in Earth's crust 🔸 Types of Volcanoes: Type Features Active Volcano Erupts frequently or is currently erupting (e.g., Mount Etna, Italy) Dormant Volcano Has not erupted recently but may erupt again (e.g., Mount Fuji, Japan) Extinct Volcano Has not erupted in recorded history; unlikely to erupt again (e.g., Mt. Kenya) 🔸 Effects of Volcanoes: Positive: Creates fertile soil Can form new land Negative: Destroys property and life Causes air pollution and affects climate ✅ MCQs on Volcanoes 1. What is magma called when it comes out of a volcano? A. Ash B. Lava C. Steam D. Rock ➡️ Answer: B. Lava 2. A volcano that is not currently active but may erupt in the future is called: A. Active volcano B. Extinct volcano C. Dormant volcano D. Silent volcano ➡️ Answer: C. Dormant volcano 3. Which of the following is an example of an active volcano? A. Mount Kilimanjaro B. Mount Fuji C. Mount Etna D. Mount Kenya ➡️ Answer: C. Mount Etna 4. The opening of a volcano through which materials erupt is called: A. Fault B. Epicenter C. Crater D. Rift ➡️ Answer: C. Crater 5. Which type of volcano has not erupted in historical times and is unlikely to erupt again? A. Dormant B. Extinct C. Active D. Composite ➡️ Answer: B. Extinct 🌍 LANDSLIDE – Point Notes 🔸 What is a Landslide? A sudden movement of rock, earth, or debris down a slope. Caused by gravity pulling weakened materials downward. 🔸 Causes of Landslides: Heavy rainfall or rapid snowmelt Earthquakes Volcanic eruptions Deforestation and unplanned construction Weak soil or loose rock on steep slopes 🔸 Effects of Landslides: Loss of life and property Disruption of transport and communication Can lead to flooding if rivers are blocked Damage to agriculture and environment 🔸 Prevention: Afforestation (planting trees) Building retaining walls and proper drainage Avoiding construction in landslide-prone zones Early warning systems 🔥 WILDFIRE 🔸 What is a Wildfire? An uncontrolled fire that spreads rapidly in forest or grassland areas. 🔸 Causes of Wildfires: Natural causes like lightning Human activities: campfires, discarded cigarettes, electrical faults Extreme heat, prolonged droughts 🔸 Effects of Wildfires: Loss of wildlife and vegetation Air pollution due to smoke Property damage and threat to human lives Increase in global warming 🔸 Prevention: Fire breaks in forests (gaps to stop fire spread) Public awareness and fire bans during dry seasons Controlled burning to reduce fuel Monitoring with satellites and drones ✅ MCQs on Landslides 1. What is the main cause of landslides? A. Solar energy B. Gravity C. Wind D. Ocean tides ➡️ Answer: B. Gravity 2. Which human activity increases the risk of landslides? A. Afforestation B. River fishing C. Deforestation D. Organic farming ➡️ Answer: C. Deforestation 3. Which of the following is a natural trigger for landslides? A. Festival lighting B. Mining C. Earthquake D. Road construction ➡️ Answer: C. Earthquake 4. Landslides are more common in which type of area? A. Deserts B. Plains C. Coastal beaches D. Hilly and mountainous areas ➡️ Answer: D. Hilly and mountainous areas 5. What is a preventive measure against landslides? A. Burning trees B. Building retaining walls C. Digging deep wells D. Overgrazing ➡️ Answer: B. Building retaining walls 🔥 MCQs on Wildfires 1. What is a wildfire? A. A house fire B. A controlled fire in a fireplace C. An uncontrolled fire in forests or grasslands D. A fire on a stove ➡️ Answer: C. An uncontrolled fire in forests or grasslands 2. Which of these is a natural cause of wildfires? A. Fireworks B. Lightning C. Burning garbage D. Campfires ➡️ Answer: B. Lightning 3. Which condition makes wildfires spread faster? A. Heavy rainfall B. Cold climate C. Drought and dry winds D. Cloudy weather ➡️ Answer: C. Drought and dry winds 4. What is a negative impact of wildfires? A. Increase in forest area B. Cooling of atmosphere C. Loss of biodiversity and air pollution D. Creation of lakes ➡️ Answer: C. Loss of biodiversity and air pollution 5. What can help in the early detection of wildfires? A. CCTV cameras B. Rain gauges C. Satellites and drones D. Loudspeakers ➡️ Answer: C. Satellites and drones Environmental Rules & Plans in India 1. The Environmental Protection Act (EPA), 1986 Why it exists: This law was created right after the terrible Bhopal Gas Tragedy in 1984, where a gas leak caused a lot of harm. It was a wake-up call. What it does: It's like a big umbrella law for environmental protection. Its main goals are: To help the Central (national) and State governments work together better to prevent environmental damage. To make sure our air, water, and land are clean and safe for people. How it works: It gives the government power to check air quality, decide where industries can be located, and set rules for how industries operate so they don't pollute too much. 2. Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) What it is: This is a top-level committee that works under the EPA, 1986. What it does: It's like a scientific watchdog. It gives approval (or doesn't) for activities involving genetically modified organisms (like certain crops or medicines) to make sure they are safe for the environment and people. It's part of the Ministry of Environment. പരിസ്ഥിതി (സംരക്ഷണ) നിയമം, 1986 പ്രകാരം പ്രവർത്തിക്കുന്ന ഒരു ഉന്നതതല സമിതിയാണിത്. ജനിതകമാറ്റം വരുത്തിയ ജീവികളുമായി (വിളകളോ മരുന്നുകളോ പോലുള്ളവ) ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട പ്രവർത്തനങ്ങൾക്ക് പാരിസ്ഥിതികവും ആരോഗ്യപരവുമായ സുരക്ഷ ഉറപ്പാക്കി അംഗീകാരം നൽകുന്ന ഏജൻസിയാണിത്. ഇത് പരിസ്ഥിതി മന്ത്രാലയത്തിന് കീഴിലാണ് പ്രവർത്തിക്കുന്നത്. 3. National Green Tribunal (NGT) Act, 2010 Why it exists: Environmental cases often take a very long time in regular courts. The NGT was set up to speed things up. What it does: It's a special court just for environmental issues. It helps resolve environmental disputes quickly. It reinforces our "Right to a Healthy Environment" – meaning everyone has a right to live in a clean and safe environment. Who's in it: It has a Chairperson (usually a high-level judge), plus 10 judicial members (judges) and 10 expert members (scientists, environmentalists). When they hear a case, it's typically one judge and one expert working together. ദേശീയ ഹരിത ട്രൈബ്യൂണൽ (NGT) ആക്ട്, 2010 എന്തിനാണ് ഈ നിയമം: സാധാരണ കോടതികളിൽ പരിസ്ഥിതി സംബന്ധമായ കേസുകൾക്ക് വളരെ അധികം സമയമെടുക്കാറുണ്ട്. ഈ കാലതാമസം ഒഴിവാക്കാനും കേസുകൾ വേഗത്തിൽ തീർപ്പാക്കാനും വേണ്ടി രൂപീകരിച്ച ഒരു പ്രത്യേക കോടതിയാണ് ദേശീയ ഹരിത ട്രൈബ്യൂണൽ (National Green Tribunal - NGT). എന്താണ് ഇതിന്റെ ലക്ഷ്യം: പരിസ്ഥിതിയുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട തർക്കങ്ങൾ വേഗത്തിൽ പരിഹരിക്കുക എന്നതാണ് ഇതിന്റെ പ്രധാന ലക്ഷ്യം. "ആരോഗ്യമുള്ള പരിസ്ഥിതിയിലുള്ള അവകാശം" എന്ന ആശയം ഈ നിയമം ഉറപ്പുവരുത്തുന്നു. അതായത്, എല്ലാവർക്കും ശുദ്ധവും സുരക്ഷിതവുമായ പരിസ്ഥിതിയിൽ ജീവിക്കാൻ അവകാശമുണ്ട്. ആരൊക്കെ ഉണ്ടാകും: ഒരു ചെയർപേഴ്സൺ (സാധാരണയായി ഒരു ഉയർന്ന കോടതിയിലെ ജഡ്ജി), 10 ജുഡീഷ്യൽ അംഗങ്ങൾ (ജഡ്ജിമാർ), 10 വിദഗ്ധ അംഗങ്ങൾ (ശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞർ, പരിസ്ഥിതി പ്രവർത്തകർ) എന്നിവരാണ് ഇതിലുള്ളത്. ഓരോ കേസ് പരിഗണിക്കുമ്പോഴും ഒരു ജഡ്ജിയും ഒരു വിദഗ്ദ്ധനും ഉണ്ടായിരിക്കും. 4. National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC), 2008 Why it exists: Climate change is a huge challenge. India created this plan to tackle it head-on. When it started: It was launched on June 30, 2008. What it does: It's India's big strategy to deal with climate change. It combines and strengthens many existing government programs related to things like water, energy, and farming, and adds new ones. ഇന്ത്യയുടെ കാലാവസ്ഥാ വ്യതിയാനത്തെ നേരിടാനുള്ള വലിയ തന്ത്രമാണിത്. ജലം, ഊർജ്ജം, കൃഷി തുടങ്ങിയ മേഖലകളുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട നിലവിലുള്ള നിരവധി സർക്കാർ പരിപാടികളെ ഇത് ഏകീകരിക്കുകയും ശക്തിപ്പെടുത്തുകയും, ഒപ്പം പുതിയവ കൂട്ടിച്ചേർക്കുകയും ചെയ്യുന്നു. Its smart approach: It tries to reduce the negative effects of climate change while also helping reduce poverty and grow the economy. It understands that you can't separate environmental issues from people's well-being. ഇതിന്റെ ബുദ്ധിപരമായ സമീപനം: കാലാവസ്ഥാ വ്യതിയാനത്തിന്റെ ദോഷകരമായ ഫലങ്ങൾ കുറയ്ക്കാൻ ശ്രമിക്കുന്നതോടൊപ്പം ദാരിദ്ര്യം കുറയ്ക്കാനും സമ്പദ്‌വ്യവസ്ഥയെ വളർത്താനും ഇത് സഹായിക്കുന്നു. പാരിസ്ഥിതിക പ്രശ്നങ്ങളെ ജനങ്ങളുടെ ക്ഷേമത്തിൽ നിന്ന് വേർപെടുത്താൻ കഴിയില്ലെന്ന് ഇത് മനസ്സിലാക്കുന്നു. The 8 "Missions" (Action Areas): The NAPCC has 8 main focus areas, like different teams working on different parts of the climate change problem: Solar Power Mission: Boost using energy from the sun. Energy Efficiency Mission: Help everyone use less energy. Sustainable Living Mission: Make our cities and towns greener and more livable. Water Mission: Protect and manage our water resources. Himalayan Ecosystem Mission: Protect the fragile Himalayan mountains. Green India Mission: Plant more trees and make our land healthier. Sustainable Agriculture Mission: Help farmers grow food in ways that don't harm the environment and can adapt to climate change. Knowledge for Climate Change Mission: Learn more about climate change and how to deal with it. S.E.S. W.H.G.S.K. Sunny Elephants Sleep Well Hiding Giant Secrets Knowingly. Let's break it down: Sunny: Solar Power Mission Elephants: Energy Efficiency Mission Sleep: Sustainable Habitat Mission Well: Water Mission Hiding: Himalayan Ecosystem Mission Giant: Green India Mission Secrets: Sustainable Agriculture Mission Knowingly: Knowledge for Climate Change Mission Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) with Answers 1. The Environmental Protection Act (EPA), 1986, was enacted by the Government of India primarily in the light of which major environmental disaster? a) Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster b) Love Canal Disaster c) Bhopal Gas Tragedy d) Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Answer: c) Bhopal Gas Tragedy 2. Which of the following bodies is described as an "apex body constituted by the Ministry of Environment & Forests under the Environmental Protection Act"? a) National Green Tribunal (NGT) b) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) c) Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) d) Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB) Answer: c) Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) 3. The National Green Tribunal (NGT) Act, 2010, primarily aims to ensure: a) Formulation of new environmental policies. b) Speedy recognition and resolution of cases related to environmental issues. c) International cooperation on environmental protection. d) Direct financial aid for environmental conservation projects. Answer: b) Speedy recognition and resolution of cases related to environmental issues. 4. According to the NGT Act, a judiciary bench typically consists of how many Expert Members and Judicial Members taking charge of cases? a) 2 Expert Members and 1 Judicial Member b) 1 Expert Member and 2 Judicial Members c) 1 Expert Member and 1 Judicial Member d) 2 Expert Members and 2 Judicial Members Answer: c) 1 Expert Member and 1 Judicial Member 5. When was the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) released in India? a) 5th June 2007 b) 30th June 2008 c) 22nd April 2009 d) 15th August 2010 Answer: b) 30th June 2008 6. The core of the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) consists of how many National Missions? a) 5 b) 7 c) 8 d) 10 Answer: c) 8 7. Which of the following is NOT one of the 8 National Missions under the NAPCC? a) National Solar Mission b) National Mission on Green Energy Development c) National Water Mission d) National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem Answer: b) National Mission on Green Energy Development (The correct mission related to energy is "National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency" and "National Solar Mission") 8. The Environmental Protection Act (EPA), 1986, aims at better coordination between which governmental systems for environmental protection? a) International and National b) Central and State c) Public and Private d) Legislative and Judiciary Answer: b) Central and State 9. What is the primary scale used to measure the magnitude of earthquakes? Richter Scale Saffir-Simpson Scale Fujita Scale Beaufort Scale Answer: 1) Richter Scale 10. Assertion (A): The Richter magnitude scale is used to measure the intensity of an earthquake. Reasoning (R): The Richter magnitude scale is based on the amplitude of seismic waves recorded at different distances from the earthquake's epicenter. Both the (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is a correct explanation of (A). Both the (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (A) is true, but (R) is false. (A) is false, but (R) is true. Answer: 1) Both the (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is a correct explanation of (A). (Self-correction: While Richter scale measures magnitude, not intensity, the question and provided answer suggest it's being treated as such in this context. However, for accuracy, it's important to note that the Richter scale measures magnitude (the energy released), while intensity (the effect felt) is measured by scales like the Mercalli scale. Given the provided answer, we follow the source's logic here, but it's a common point of confusion.) 11. The EPA, 1986, established which of the following? The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) The State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) The National Environmental Appellate Authority (NEAA) All of the above Answer: 4) All of the above (Self-correction: While the EPA, 1986, is a comprehensive act, CPCB and SPCB were established under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, and Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, respectively. The NEAA was indeed established under the National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997. The EPA, 1986, is an "umbrella" act that gives the central government broad powers to take measures to protect and improve the environment, but it did not establish CPCB or SPCBs. Given the provided answer, this implies a broader interpretation of "established" in the context of the EPA's comprehensive regulatory framework.) 12. The NAPCC, 2008, outlines eight core national missions to address climate change. Which of the following is NOT one of these missions? Solar Energy Mission National Water Mission Sustainable Habitat Mission Energy Efficiency Mission Sustainable Habitat Mission (Self-correction: "National Mission on Sustainable Habitat" is one of the eight missions under NAPCC. The question asks for what is NOT one of these missions. Therefore, there might be an error in the provided options or the answer key. Let's re-examine the list of 8 missions from the earlier notes: National Solar Mission National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency National Mission on Sustainable Habitat National Water Mission National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem National Mission for a "Green India" National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change All options 1, 2, 3, and 4 are actually part of the 8 missions. This question as stated, and its provided answer "3", is contradictory to the information provided previously. If we assume there's a typo in the question and it meant to list one that wasn't a mission, or if there's a subtle distinction in wording for option 3, it's not immediately clear from the provided text. Based strictly on the provided list, all options are missions.)* 14. Assertion (A): The National Green Tribunal (NGT) Act, 2010, provides for the establishment of a specialized tribunal to handle cases related to environmental protection and conservation. Reasoning (R): The NGT has the power to hear appeals and resolve disputes arising from the implementation of environmental laws. Both the (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is a correct explanation of (A). Both the (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (A) is true, but (R) is false. (A) is false, but (R) is true. Answer: 1) Both the (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is a correct explanation of (A). International Environmental Agreements: The world faces many environmental challenges that no single country can solve alone. That's why nations come together to create international agreements, alliances, and protocols. Think of these as global rules and plans to protect our planet. 1. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) What it is: Often called the Washington Convention. When: Signed in 1973. What it's for: Its main goal is to control the international buying and selling of endangered plants and wild animals. This is to make sure these species don't disappear because of trade. Impact: It helps protect over 35,000 species. 2. Vienna Convention for the Protection of Ozone Layer, 1985 What it is: A global agreement signed by many countries. When: Signed in 1985. What it's for: It provided the first framework for countries to work together to reduce the production of chemicals called Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Why? Because CFCs were found to be destroying the Earth's ozone layer, which protects us from harmful UV rays (and too much UV can cause skin cancer). Its Legacy: This convention was the direct precursor to a more famous agreement called the Montreal Protocol. 3. Montreal Protocol, 1987 What it is: A very important international treaty specifically designed to protect the ozone layer. When & Where: Signed in Montreal, Canada, on September 16, 1987. Evolution: It has been updated and strengthened nine times between 1990 and 2016 to keep up with scientific understanding. What it does: Its main aim is to reduce and eventually stop the production and use of ozone-depleting chemicals, especially CFCs. This has been one of the most successful international environmental agreements. 4. Basel Convention, 1989 What it is: An international agreement focused on waste. When & Where: Signed on March 22, 1989, in Basel, Switzerland. What it's for: It aims to minimize the movement of hazardous (dangerous) waste across country borders, particularly from developed (richer) countries to developing (poorer) countries. This prevents richer nations from dumping their toxic waste in places that might not have the resources to handle it safely. 5. UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 1992 What it is: A foundational international treaty that sets up the overall framework for global efforts to combat climate change. What it does: It doesn't set binding limits on emissions for individual countries, but it provides a platform for regular, yearly conferences (called Conferences of the Parties - COPs) where countries discuss and assess progress on climate change. It's the starting point for more specific agreements. 6. Rio Summit, 1992 What it is: Also known as the Earth Summit or the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). When & Where: Held in June 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. What it addressed: It was a massive meeting that looked at many environmental issues, including: Controlling the production of toxic materials. Exploring alternative energy sources (like solar or wind). Regulating emissions and encouraging the use of public transport. Key Outcomes (What came out of it): Agenda 21: A detailed action plan for achieving sustainable development (meeting today's needs without harming future generations' ability to meet their own needs). An agreement on the Convention on Climate Change (the UNFCCC mentioned above), which later led to specific agreements like the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement to actually reduce emissions. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was opened for signing, focusing on protecting the variety of life on Earth. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) with Answers 1. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is also known as the: a) Rio Convention b) Washington Convention c) Geneva Convention d) Basel Convention Answer: b) Washington Convention 2. Which international agreement primarily aimed to control the cross-border movement of hazardous waste, especially from developed to developing countries? a) Montreal Protocol b) Vienna Convention c) Basel Convention d) CITES Answer: c) Basel Convention 3. The Montreal Protocol, signed in 1987, specifically aimed to protect which part of the Earth's atmosphere? a) Troposphere b) Stratosphere c) Ionosphere d) Exosphere Answer: b) Stratosphere (as it contains the ozone layer) 4. The Vienna Convention for the Protection of Ozone Layer (1985) directly gave way to which more specific international agreement? a) Kyoto Protocol b) Paris Agreement c) Montreal Protocol d) Basel Convention Answer: c) Montreal Protocol 5. Which of the following was an outcome of the Rio Summit (Earth Summit) in 1992? a) Establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO) b) Formulation of Agenda 21 c) Signing of the Kyoto Protocol d) Creation of the Green Climate Fund Answer: b) Formulation of Agenda 21 6. The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was established in which year? a) 1985 b) 1987 c) 1992 d) 1997 Answer: c) 1992 7. How many revisions did the Montreal Protocol undergo between 1990 and 2016? a) Five b) Seven c) Nine d) Eleven Answer: c) Nine International Environmental Agreements & Movements: Simple Explanation The world works together to protect the environment through agreements and, locally, people organize movements to save their nature. International Agreements These are like global contracts where countries agree to work together on environmental issues. 7. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) When: Signed on June 5, 1992. What it is: It's an agreement focused on biodiversity – meaning the huge variety of life on Earth (plants, animals, microorganisms, and their ecosystems). Three Main Goals: Conserve Biodiversity: Protect all the different forms of life. Sustainable Use: Use natural resources wisely so they last for future generations. Fair Sharing of Benefits: Ensure that if resources from nature (like genetic material for medicine) are used, the benefits are shared fairly, especially with the countries or communities where those resources came from. 8. Kyoto Protocol, 1997 When & Where: Adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on December 11, 1997. What it is: This was a more specific agreement that came after the UNFCCC (UN Framework Convention on Climate Change). What it does: It commits developed countries to legally binding targets to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. The main goal was to control global warming by cutting down on man-made carbon dioxide emissions. India's role: India ratified (officially agreed to) it by 2002. Interestingly, the USA did not ratify it. Key Principles: It was based on the idea of "common but differentiated responsibilities," meaning all countries have a responsibility to fight climate change, but richer countries have a greater responsibility because they historically caused more pollution. Mechanisms: It included rules for carbon trading (where countries could buy and sell emission allowances) and penalties for countries that didn't meet their targets. 9. International Solar Alliance (ISA), 2015 What it is: An alliance of 121 countries that are located fully or partly between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. These are often called "Sunshine Countries" because they get a lot of sun. Who started it: This was a big initiative launched by India during the India-Africa Summit in 2015. Headquarters: Its main office (and temporary secretariat) is in Gwal Pahari, Gurugram, India, at the National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE). What it does: It aims to promote the use of solar energy and make it cheaper for everyone. It also helps set goals for solar and other renewable energy use. 10. Paris Agreement, 2015 What it is: A landmark international agreement on climate change, building on the work of the UNFCCC and the Rio Summit. When & Where: Negotiated by 196 countries at the 21st Conference of Parties (COP-21), held on December 12, 2015, in Paris, France. Main Goal: To keep the increase in global average temperature well below 2 degrees Celsius (2°C) above pre-industrial levels, and ideally limit it to 1.5 degrees Celsius (1.5°C). How it works: Reduce Emission Intensity: Countries aim to reduce the amount of emissions per unit of economic output by 2030. Increase Carbon Sinks: Countries aim to increase natural areas (like forests) that absorb carbon dioxide, by 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent by 2030. Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs): Each country puts forward its own plan for how it will contribute to the global climate effort. These are known as NDCs. India's NDCs (Original 3): Reduce Emission Intensity of its GDP (EIL) by 33-35% by 2030 from 2005 levels. Achieve 40% of its total energy from non-fossil fuels by 2030. Create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3.0 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent through forests and tree cover by 2030. Overall NDC Goal: NDCs globally aim to keep the temperature rise below 1.5°C to 2.0°C. IPCC 6th Assessment Report (Aug 2021): This report highlights the urgency of climate action. Net Zero Emission (Carbon Neutrality) What it is: Reaching a state where the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere is balanced by the amount removed, meaning no net emissions. Country Pledges: UK & US aim for carbon neutrality by 2050. China aims for carbon neutrality by 2060. Major Emitters (Annual, in Mega Tonnes/year): China: 11,256 USA: 5,275 European Union: 3,457 India: 2,622 (with a relatively low Per Capita Emission of 2.47 Tonnes of CO2 Equivalent, compared to a Global Average of 6.45 Tonnes of CO2 Equivalent). Pressure on India: India faces international pressure to declare an earlier carbon neutrality target, given its size and growing economy. Panchamrita Strategy for Climate (India's New Climate Pledge) What it is: India's updated and ambitious climate targets announced at COP26 (Glasgow, 2021). "Panchamrita" means "five nectars" in Sanskrit. Key Targets (Projected for reduction): Reach 500 GW (gigawatts) of non-fossil fuel energy capacity. Source 50% of its energy requirements from non-fossil fuels by 2030. Reduce its Emission Intensity (EIL) by 45% by 2030 from 2005 levels (an increase from the original 33-35% target). Achieve Carbon Neutrality by 2070. Climate Financing Demand: India also emphasized that developing countries need significant financial support for climate action, suggesting $1 Trillion USD should be provided. Environmental Movements in India These are local movements where communities stand up to protect their environment. 1. Bishnoi Movement (1700s) Who: Started by Amrita Devi and the villagers of Bishnoi, Rajasthan. Why: They protested when the King's soldiers came to cut Khejri trees to build a new palace. What happened: Amrita Devi and many others hugged the trees (known as the 'Chipko' philosophy before the Chipko movement itself) to stop them from being cut. Tragically, 363 Bishnoi villagers were killed. Legacy: The area was later declared a protected area, and harming trees and animals there is still forbidden today. 2. Chipko Movement (1973) When & Where: Started in Chamoli, Uttarakhand, and later spread to the Tehri-Garwal district. Leader: Led by Sunderlal Bahuguna. Meaning: 'Chipko' literally means 'to embrace'. Impact: Hundreds of people across the country were inspired by their method of hugging trees to prevent them from being cut down by loggers. 3. Save Silent Valley Movement (1978) When & Where: Started in Palakkad, Kerala, in 1973 (though the main movement gained prominence by 1978). Why: An initiative to protect the evergreen forests of Silent Valley Reserve Forest from being flooded by a hydroelectric power project proposed by the Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB). Who was involved: An NGO led by school teachers and the Kerala Sasthra Sahitya Parishad (KSSP). Legacy: The valley was later declared Silent Valley National Park in 1985. Cultural Impact: The poem "MarathinU Stuthi" ("Ode to a Tree") by poet-activist Sugathakumari became an important symbol of the protest. 4. Jungle Bachao Andolan (1982) When & Where: Took place in the Singhbhum district of Jharkhand (then part of Bihar). Why: It was a protest against a proposal to replace natural sal forests with teak trees for commercial profit. The locals wanted to protect their traditional sal forests. 5. Navdanya Movement (1982) What it is: An initiative by Navdanya, a non-governmental organization. Leader: Led by the renowned environmentalist Vandana Shiva. What it does: It promotes biodiversity conservation, especially in agriculture. They've set up 54 community seed banks across India and trained over 500,000 farmers in "food sovereignty" (the right of people to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through sustainable methods) and sustainable farming practices. Stance: They strongly criticize genetic engineering and prefer using naturally occurring crop seeds. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) with Answers 1. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) primarily focuses on which of the following goals? a) Reducing greenhouse gas emissions b) Controlling transboundary movement of hazardous waste c) Conservation of biodiversity, sustainable use, and fair sharing of genetic benefits d) Promoting international trade of endangered species Answer: c) Conservation of biodiversity, sustainable use, and fair sharing of genetic benefits 2. Which country, despite being a major emitter, had not ratified the Kyoto Protocol by 2002 according to the provided text? a) India b) China c) USA d) Japan Answer: c) USA 3. The International Solar Alliance (ISA) was an initiative launched by which country? a) France b) Germany c) India d) Brazil Answer: c) India 4. Where are the headquarters and interim Secretariat of the International Solar Alliance (ISA) located? a) New Delhi, India b) Paris, France c) Gurugram, India d) Washington D.C., USA Answer: c) Gurugram, India 5. The Paris Agreement (2015) aims to keep the increase in global warming well below which temperature target? a) 3°C b) 2.5°C c) 2°C, aiming for 1.5°C d) 1°C Answer: c) 2°C, aiming for 1.5°C 6. India's original Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement included a target to reduce the emission intensity of its GDP by 33-35% by 2030 from which base year? a) 1990 b) 2000 c) 2005 d) 2010 Answer: c) 2005 7. According to India's Panchamrita Strategy for Climate announced at COP26, what is India's target for achieving Carbon Neutrality? a) 2030 b) 2040 c) 2050 d) 2070 Answer: d) 2070 8. The Bishnoi Movement, involving Amrita Devi and the villagers, is historically significant for its protest against: a) Industrial pollution b) Cutting down trees for a palace c) Dam construction d) Mining activities Answer: b) Cutting down trees for a palace 9. The Chipko Movement, led by Sunderlal Bahuguna, is famously associated with the act of: a) Blocking roads b) Hugging trees c) Forming human chains d) Filing lawsuits Answer: b) Hugging trees 10. The Save Silent Valley Movement was a protest to protect evergreen forests in Kerala from being flooded by a: a) Thermal power project b) Nuclear power plant c) Hydroelectric project d) Road construction project Answer: c) Hydroelectric project 11. The Jungle Bachao Andolan in Jharkhand protested against the replacement of natural sal forests with which type of trees for profit? a) Eucalyptus b) Pine c) Teak d) Banyan Answer: c) Teak 12. The Navdanya Movement, led by Vandana Shiva, is known for promoting: a) Genetic engineering in agriculture b) Large-scale industrial farming c) Biodiversity conservation and sustainable agriculture d) Chemical fertilizers and pesticides Answer: c) Biodiversity conservation and sustainable agriculture Environmental Movements in India: Simple Explanation These are stories of people in India who stood up to protect their local environment from projects or policies that threatened nature and their livelihoods. 6. Appiko Movement (1983) When & Where: Started in 1983 in the villages of the Western Ghats, specifically the Uttar Kannada region of Karnataka. Meaning: "Appiko" in Kannada (the local language) means "to hug" – just like "Chipko" in Hindi. What it was about: The movement aimed to stop the commercial cutting down of trees by private companies. The Challenge: The people challenged the Karnataka government's decision to commercialize natural forests, fighting for their rights to natural resources against what they saw as unfair decisions. Symbol: It became a powerful symbol of people's power protecting their environmental rights. 7. Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA), 1985 When & Where: Started in 1985 in Madhya Pradesh. Who was involved: It was a broad movement led by native tribal communities (Adivasis), farmers, environmentalists, and human rights activists. What it was about: They protested against the construction of a large number of dams across the Narmada River. Key Leaders: Medha Patkar and Baba Amte were leading figures (Medha Patkar received the Right Livelihood Award in 1991 for her work). The Main Project: A central point of conflict was the Sardar Sarovar Dam in Gujarat, combined with the Narmada Sagar Project. These dams aimed to provide irrigation and electricity to states like Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra. The Problem: Building these dams meant displacing (moving) a large number of people and submerging vast areas of forest land. Tactics: The movement involved various forms of protest, including campaigns, court actions, hunger strikes, rallies, and gaining support from famous film and art personalities. 8. Tehri Dam Conflict (1970s-1990s) What it is: The Tehri Dam is the highest dam in India and one of the highest in the world. Where: Located on the Bhagirathi river in Uttarakhand. Key Leaders: Prominent figures in the protests included Advocate Virendra Dutt Sakhlani, Sunderlal Bahuguna (also known for the Chipko movement), and Baba Amte (also involved in Narmada Bachao Andolan). The Conflict: The construction of this massive dam led to the displacement of a large population, the submerging of vast lands, and the destruction of the local ecosystem. This caused protests that lasted for decades. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) with Answers 1. The Appiko Movement, which started in Karnataka in 1983, means "to hug" in which language? a) Hindi b) Tamil c) Kannada d) Malayalam Answer: c) Kannada 2. The primary aim of the Appiko Movement was to prevent: a) Pollution from industries b) Commercial felling of trees c) Construction of large dams d) Displacement of tribal communities Answer: b) Commercial felling of trees 3. The Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) started in 1985 primarily protested against the construction of dams across which river? a) Ganga b) Yamuna c) Narmada d) Godavari Answer: c) Narmada 4. Which of the following individuals was a leading spokesperson for the Narmada Bachao Andolan? a) Sunderlal Bahuguna b) Amrita Devi c) Medha Patkar d) Sugathakumari Answer: c) Medha Patkar 5. The Tehri Dam, the highest dam in India, is situated on which river in Uttarakhand? a) Alaknanda b) Mandakini c) Bhagirathi d) Ganga Answer: c) Bhagirathi 6. Which of the following leaders was involved in both the Chipko Movement and the Tehri Dam conflict? a) Medha Patkar b) Baba Amte c) Sunderlal Bahuguna d) Vandana Shiva Answer: c) Sunderlal Bahuguna 7: An earthquake of a magnitude in the range of 6.0 to 6.9 on the Richter Scale is considered a) Moderate b) Strong c) Major d) Great Answer: b) Strong 8: As per Indian Government's target for exploiting renewable energy sources, the percentage share of solar and wind energy in the total power generation from renewable energy resources by the year 2022 will be about a) 91.43% (approx.) b) 57.14% (approx.) c) 50% (approx.) d) 60% (approx.) Answer: a) 91.43% (approx.) March 2023 8. 9. Montreal protocol aims at a) Reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases b) Phasing out ozone depleting substances c) Prohibiting trans-boundary movement of hazardous waste d) Enhancing cooperation among UN member states for peaceful uses of nuclear energy Answer: b) Phasing out ozone depleting substances 10: Atmospheric haze is mainly caused by a) Ultra Fine Size Particulate Matter b) Oxides of nitrogen and sulphur c) Ozone d) Carbon dioxide & Carbon monoxide Answer: a) Ultra Fine Size Particulate Matter 11: Assertion (A): The change in sea-level at any coastal location depends on the sum of global, regional and local factors. Reasoning (R): Therefore, the global mean sea level rise translates into a uniform rise in sea level around the world. a) Both the (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is a correct explanation of (A). b) Both the (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is not a correct explanation of (A). c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. Answer: c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. 12: Oxygen demanding wastes a) Decrease oxygen level in water b) Increase oxygen level in water c) Does not change oxygen level in water d) Increase the temperature of water Answer: a) Decrease oxygen level in water Which of the following is the primary objective of the National Solar Mission under the NAPCC? a) To promote the use of fossil fuels. b) To make India a global leader in solar energy. c) To increase reliance on nuclear power. d) To encourage only off-grid solar applications. Answer: b) To make India a global leader in solar energy. Question 2: The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) functions under which Indian environmental act? a) Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 b) Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 c) Environmental Protection Act, 1986 d) Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 Answer: c) Environmental Protection Act, 1986 Question 3: Which of the following is a characteristic of a "Renewable Resource"? a) Gets exhausted after single use. b) Cannot be renewed even after use. c) Sustainably available in adequate quantities. d) Primarily derived from fossil fuels. Answer: c) Sustainably available in adequate quantities. Question 4: The "Modify" form of Human-Environment Interaction involves: a) Adjusting lifestyles to environmental conditions. b) Reliance on the environment for basic needs. c) Altering the environment to suit human needs. d) Observing environmental phenomena without intervention. Answer: c) Altering the environment to suit human needs. Question 5: In the context of Ecological Pyramids, which pyramid is always upright and why? a) Pyramid of Numbers, due to higher biomass at lower levels. b) Pyramid of Biomass, due to energy transfer efficiency. c) Pyramid of Energy, as energy decreases at each successive trophic level. d) All pyramids, as they represent stable ecosystems. Answer: c) Pyramid of Energy, as energy decreases at each successive trophic level. Question 6: The term "Ecosystem" was coined by: a) Charles Elton b) Alexander von Humboldt c) A.G. Tansley d) Ernst Haeckel Answer: c) A.G. Tansley Question 7: Which of the following components are considered "Abiotic Components" of a natural ecosystem? a) Producers, Consumers, Decomposers b) Soil, Water, Nutrients c) Forests, Deserts, Grasslands d) Humans, Animals, Plants Answer: b) Soil, Water, Nutrients Question 8: The UNDP Strategic Plan (2018–2021) aimed to help nations achieve which global goals? a) Only Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) b) Only Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) c) Both MDGs and SDGs d) Economic Growth Goals (EGGs) Answer: c) Both MDGs and SDGs Question 9: The Human Development Index (HDI) measures development based on which three key components? a) GDP, Inflation, Employment Rate b) Life expectancy, Education, Per capita income c) Population growth, Urbanization, Industrialization d) Carbon emissions, Water consumption, Forest cover Answer: b) Life expectancy, Education, Per capita income Question 10: A Population Pyramid with a very wide base and a narrow top indicates: a) An aging population with low birth rates. b) A rapidly growing population with high birth rates. c) A stable population with balanced birth and death rates. d) A population experiencing significant outward migration. Answer: b) A rapidly growing population with high birth rates.

People, Development and Environment- Answer keys NET/SET

People, Development and Environment- Answer keys Q1. Answer: d Explanation: The correct layers of the atmosphere are Troposphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere, and Mesosphere. Lithosphere is not part of the atmosphere. Q2. Answer: c Explanation: The Ionosphere enables radio transmission because it contains ionized particles that reflect radio waves. Q3. Answer: b Explanation: The Mesosphere is the layer where meteors burn upon entry. It starts around 50 km above sea level. Q4. Answer: b Explanation: Commercial planes fly in the Stratosphere as it's calm, with less turbulence than the Troposphere. Q5. Answer: A–iii, B–iv, C–ii, D–i Explanation: Lithosphere = Stone, Atmosphere = Air, Hydrosphere = Water, Biosphere = Life. Q6. Answer: b Explanation: The Ozone layer, which blocks harmful UV rays, is located in the Stratosphere. Q7. Answer: d Explanation: Weather happens in the Troposphere, not the Mesosphere, which is too high and cold for clouds or storms. Q8. Answer: a Explanation: Both statements are true. The Thermosphere gets very hot because of absorbed solar radiation despite thin air. Q9. Answer: a Explanation: The SDGs are interconnected, so an integrated approach is necessary to achieve them effectively. Q10. Answer: b Explanation: There were 8 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), launched by the UN in 2000. Q11. Answer: b Explanation: The MDGs aimed to be achieved by the year 2015. Q12. Answer: c Explanation: Goal 4 of the SDGs is about ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education. Q13. Answer: b Explanation: Quality education was not one of the MDGs—it was introduced under the SDGs. Q14. Answer: c Explanation: SDG 13 focuses on Climate Action. Q15. Answer: c Explanation: Promoting regional conflicts is not part of the UNDP Strategic Plan. Q16. Answer: d Explanation: There are 17 SDGs in total, adopted in 2015. Q17. Answer: a Explanation: The SDGs officially came into effect in 2015. Q18. Answer: b Explanation: SDG 6 deals with clean water and sanitation for all. Q19. Answer: c Explanation: The UNDP released the final report on MDGs. Q20. Answer: a Explanation: Suspended fine particles (like PM2.5) are a major cause of respiratory diseases. Q21. Answer: d Explanation: Chemical contamination is a man-made hazard, not a natural one. Q22. Answer: a Explanation: CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons) are not produced naturally—only industrially. Q23. Answer: a Explanation: In cities, road transport is the main source of nitrogen oxides (NOx). Q24. Answer: d Explanation: All listed indoor appliances (gas stoves, wood stoves, kerosene heaters) can produce NOx. Q25. Answer: d Explanation: Hazardous waste is not biodegradable—it remains dangerous for a long time. Q26. Answer: d Explanation: Recycling is not typically used for hazardous waste due to safety risks. Q27. Answer: b Explanation: In developing countries, landfilling is the most common method of disposing solid waste. Q28. Answer: a Explanation: Landfills release methane and leachate, causing both air and water pollution. Both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason explains the assertion. Q29. Answer: a Explanation: Biomedical waste contains infectious agents; it must be treated separately. Both statements are true, and R explains A. Q30. Answer: b Explanation: A.G. Tansley coined the term “Ecosystem” in 1935. Q31. Answer: c Explanation: The Pyramid of Energy is always upright because only 10% of energy transfers to the next level. Q32. Answer: b Explanation: Biomass is the total dry weight of all organisms at a trophic level. Q33. Answer: b Explanation: Higher trophic levels have fewer individuals because energy decreases at each level. Q34. Answer: d Explanation: Only 10% of energy is transferred from one level to the next in an ecosystem. Q35. Answer: a Explanation: A population census is done to count the number of people in a country at a particular time. Q36. Answer: c Explanation: Demography is the study of population size, composition, and distribution. Q37. Answer: b Explanation: HDI measures development based on life expectancy, education, and per capita income. Q38. Answer: d Explanation: Demographic dividend comes from a high working-age population, not from density. Q39. Answer: c Explanation: A broad base in a population pyramid indicates high birth rates and a growing population. Q40. Answer: b Explanation: A top-heavy pyramid suggests more elderly people, indicating an aging population. Q41. Answer: a Explanation: High Infant Mortality Rate reduces Life Expectancy; both A and R are true, and R explains A. Q42. Answer: c Explanation: Eltonian pyramids can be inverted in terms of biomass or numbers depending on the ecosystem. Q43. Answer: d Explanation: CFCs are not included in India’s Air Quality Index; they are greenhouse gases. Q44. Answer: b Explanation: Magma becomes lava once it erupts from a volcano. Q45. Answer: c Explanation: Dormant volcanoes are currently inactive but may erupt again in the future. Q46. Answer: c Explanation: Mount Etna (Italy) is an active volcano. Q47. Answer: c Explanation: The crater is the opening through which volcanic material erupts. Q48. Answer: b Explanation: Extinct volcanoes have not erupted in historical times and are not expected to erupt again. Q49. Answer: b Explanation: Gravity is the primary cause of landslides, especially on slopes. Q50. Answer: c Explanation: Deforestation weakens slope stability, increasing the risk of landslides. Q # Answer Explanation 51 C. Earthquake Earthquakes shake land, often triggering landslides naturally. 52 D. Hilly and mountainous areas Steep slopes and loose soil make landslides common in these areas 53 B. Building retaining walls Retaining walls stabilize slopes and reduce landslide risk 54 C. An uncontrolled fire in forests or grasslands Wildfires are large, uncontrolled outdoor fires 55 B. Lightning Natural lightning ignites dry vegetation, starting wildfires 56 C. Drought and dry winds Dry conditions and wind help wildfires spread faster 57 C. Loss of biodiversity and air pollution Wildfires destroy habitats and pollute the air 58 C. Satellites and drones These tech tools help early wildfire detection 59 C. Bhopal Gas Tragedy The 1984 disaster prompted the EPA, 1986 60 B. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) CPCB is the apex body under the EPA 61 B. Speedy resolution of environmental cases NGT provides fast, specialized decisions 62 C. 1 Expert + 1 Judicial Member NGT benches consist of judicial and expert members 63 B. 30 June 2008 NAPCC was officially released then 64 C. 8 There are eight missions in the NAPCC 65 B. National Mission on Green Energy Development This is not a listed mission 66 B. Central and State EPA supports coordination between central and state bodies 67 Richter Scale It measures earthquake magnitude 68 A. Both true, R explains A. Richter scale measures magnitude based on wave amplitude 69 D. All of the above EPA established CPCB, SPCBs, NEAA 70 A. Solar Energy Mission This is an actual NAPCC mission; none listed are incorrect. (Possibly trick Q?) 71 A. Both true, R explains A. NGT handles expedient appeals under environmental law 72 B. Washington Convention Another name for CITES 73 C. Basel Convention Controls cross-border hazardous waste movement 74 B. Stratosphere Montreal Protocol protects the stratospheric ozone 75 C. Montreal Protocol The Vienna Convention led to this protocol 76 B. Agenda 21 A major outcome of the 1992 Rio Earth Summit 77 C. 1992 The UNFCCC was established in the 1992 Earth Summit 78 B. Seven Montreal Protocol had seven revisions by 2016 79 C. Conservation, sustainable use, and fair sharing These are CBD's core goals 80 C. USA The US had not ratified by 2002 Q Answer Explanation 81 C. India The ISA was initiated by India (with support from France) (lbj.utexas.edu) 82 C. Gurugram, India ISA headquarters and Secretariat is located in Gurugram 83 C. 2 °C, aiming for 1.5 °C Paris Agreement aims to limit warming well below 2 °C and pursue 1.5 °C 84 C. 2005 India’s NDC target was based on 2005 emission intensity 85 D. 2070 India pledged to reach carbon neutrality by 2070 at COP26 86 B. Cutting down trees for a palace Amrita Devi and the Bishnois protested tree felling in their villages 87 B. Hugging trees The Chipko movement involved hugging trees to prevent felling 88 C. Hydroelectric project The Silent Valley agitation protected forests from a dam 89 A. Eucalyptus Natural sal forests were threatened by eucalyptus plantations 90 C. Biodiversity conservation and sustainable agriculture Navdanya promotes seed biodiversity and sustainable farming 91 C. Kannada “Appiko” means “to hug” in Kannada 92 B. Commercial felling of trees The Appiko movement fought excessive tree felling 93 C. Narmada NBA protested dams on the Narmada river 94 C. Medha Patkar She was a leading spokesperson in NBA 95 C. Bhagirathi The Tehri Dam stands on the Bhagirathi river 96 C. Sunderlal Bahuguna He was an activist against both Chipko and Tehri Dam 97 B. Strong A magnitude 6.0–6.9 quake is classified as "Strong" 98 A. 91.43% (approx.) Solar and wind contributed about 91.4% of renewable power by 2022 99 — (Oops, question 99 missing—please provide for an accurate match.) 100 B. Phasing out ozone depleting substances Montreal Protocol targets ozone-depleting chemicals 101 A. Ultrafine particulate matter Fine particulates mainly cause atmospheric haze 102 C. (A) true, (R) false Sea-level depends on local factors; global rise isn’t uniform 103 A. Decrease oxygen level Oxygen-depleting wastes harm aquatic oxygen availability 104 B. Make India a solar leader National Solar Mission aims to promote solar leadership 105 C. Environmental Protection Act, 1986 GEAC operates under this Act 106 C. Sustainably available Renewable resources regenerate naturally 107 C. Altering the environment "Modify" refers to changing the environment to meet human needs 108 C. Pyramid of Energy Always upright as energy flows decrease at each trophic level 109 C. A.G. Tansley He coined the term "Ecosystem" in 1935 110 B. Soil, Water, Nutrients These are non-living (abiotic) ecosystem parts 111 B. Only SDGs UNDP Strategic Plan focused on Sustainable Development Goals 112 B. Life expectancy, Education, Income These are the HDI's three core metrics 113 B. Rapidly growing population A wide base and narrow top indicate high birth rates

People, Development and Environment- questions only for NET/ SET

People, Development and Environment 1. Which of the following are the layers of atmosphere? i. Troposphere ii. Thermosphere iii. Lithosphere iv. Exosphere v. Mesosphere Select the correct code: a) i, ii, iii & iv b) ii, iii, iv & iv c) ii., iii & v d) i, ii, iv & v 2. Which layer of atmosphere enables Radio Transmission? a. Exosphere b. Thermosphere c. Ionosphere d. Stratosphere 3. Which is the layer of atmosphere which has its lowest layer at 50 km above sea level that holds the presence of meteors? a) Stratosphere b) Mesosphere c) Troposphere d) Thermosphere 4. Which layer of atmosphere has the optimum height to fly commercial aircrafts? a) Ionosphere b) Stratosphere c) Troposphere d) Lithosphere 5. Match the following: (A) Lithosphere (i) Life (B) Atmosphere (ii) Water (C) Hydrosphere (iii) Stone (D) Biosphere (iv) Air 6. Which layer of the atmosphere contains the ozone layer, which plays a crucial role in absorbing harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun? a) Troposphere b) Stratosphere c) Thermosphere d) Lithosphere 7. Assertion (A): The mesosphere is the layer of the atmosphere where most weather phenomena, such as clouds and storms, occur. Reason(R): The mesosphere is characterized by the presence of water vapor and water droplets. a) Both the (A) and (R) are true, and the (R) is a correct explanation of the assertion. b) Both the (A) and (R) are true, but the (R) is not a correct explanation of the assertion. c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. d) Both (A) and (R) are false 8. Assertion (A): The thermosphere is the hottest layer of the Earth's atmosphere. Reason(R): The thermosphere contains very few gas molecules, but it can reach temperatures of thousands of degrees Celsius. a) Both the (A) and (R) are true, and the (R) is a correct explanation of the assertion. b) Both the (A) and (R) are true, but the (R) is not a correct explanation of the assertion. c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. 9. Given below are two statements: (A) There has to be an integrated approach to achieve targets of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). (R) Many of the SDGs are interconnected. Options: a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A) b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A) c) (A) is true, but (R) is false d) (A) is false, but (R) is true 10. How many Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were formulated? a) 6 b) 8 c) 12 d) 10 11. What was the target year for achieving the MDGs? a) 2010 b) 2015 c) 2020 d) 2025 12. Which goal among the SDGs focuses on 'Quality Education'? a) Goal 2 b) Goal 3 c) Goal 4 d) Goal 6 13. Which of the following was NOT a goal of MDGs? a) Promote Gender Equality b) Quality Education c) Reduce Child Mortality d) Combat HIV/AIDS 14. Which SDG deals with ‘Climate Action’? a) Goal 11 b) Goal 12 c) Goal 13 d) Goal 15 15. UNDP’s Strategic Plan (2018–2021) does NOT include: a) Building resilience b) Eradicating poverty c) Promoting regional conflicts d) Sustainable transformations 16. What is the number of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)? a) 8 b) 10 c) 15 d) 17 17. SDGs came into effect in: a) 2015 b) 2016 c) 2017 d) 2018 18. Which SDG aims to ‘Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation’? a) Goal 5 b) Goal 6 c) Goal 7 d) Goal 9 19. Which body released the final MDG report? a) UNEP b) UNHCR c) UNDP d) WHO 20. Which of the following pollutants is the major cause of respiratory diseases? a) Suspended Fine Particles b) Nitrogen Oxides c) Carbon Monoxide d) Volatile Organic Compounds 21. Which of the following phenomena is not a natural hazard? a) Wildfire b) Lightning c) Landslide d) Chemical Contamination 22. Which of the following pollutant gases is not produced both naturally and as a result of industrial activity? a) Chlorofluorocarbons b) Nitrous Oxide c) Methane d) Carbon dioxide 23. The dominant source of pollution due to oxides of nitrogen in urban areas is a) Road Transport b) Commercial Sector c) Energy use in industry d) Power Plants 24. Inside rural homes, the source/sources of nitrogen oxide pollution may be: i. Unvented gas stoves ii. Wood stoves iii. Kerosene heaters Choose the correct code: a) Only (i) and (ii) b) Only (ii) and (iii) c) Only (ii) d) (i), (ii) and (iii) 25. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of hazardous waste? a) It is toxic b) It is flammable c) It is reactive d) It is biodegradable 26. Which of the following is NOT a common method of hazardous waste disposal? a) Incineration b) Landfilling c) Deep-well injection d) Recycling 27. Which of the following is the most common method of solid waste disposal in developing countries? a) Incineration b) Landfilling c) Composting d) Recycling 28. Assertion (A): Landfills are a major source of air and water pollution. Reasoning (R): Landfills release methane gas, a greenhouse gas, and leachate, a contaminated liquid, into the environment. a) Both the (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is a correct explanation of (A). b) Both the (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. 29. Assertion (A): Biomedical waste is a hazardous waste that should be treated separately from solid waste. Reasoning (R): Biomedical waste can contain infectious agents that can harm human health. a) Both the (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is a correct explanation of (A). b) Both the (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. 30. Who coined the term "Ecosystem"? a) Charles Elton b) A.G. Tansley c) Ernst Haeckel d) Eugene Odum 31. Which type of ecological pyramid always remains upright (wider at the bottom and narrower at the top)? a) Pyramid of Numbers b) Pyramid of Biomass c) Pyramid of Energy d) All of the above 32. What does "Biomass" in an ecological pyramid represent? a) The number of individuals at each trophic level. b) The total dry weight of organisms at each trophic level. c) The amount of energy transferred at each trophic level. d) The diversity of species at each trophic level. 33. In a Pyramid of Numbers, how do the individuals at higher trophic levels typically compare to those at lower levels? a) Higher levels have more individuals. b) Higher levels have fewer individuals. c) The number remains constant across levels. d) The relationship varies unpredictably. 34. What is the approximate percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to the next in an ecosystem? a) 100% b) 50% c) 25% d) 10% 35. What is the primary purpose of conducting a population census? a) To determine the population of a country at a specific point in time. b) To analyze the distribution of income within a population. c) To assess the quality of healthcare services in a region. d) To track the migration patterns of individuals. 36. Which field of study focuses on the statistical analysis of populations, including their size, composition, and distribution? a) Geography b) Anthropology c) Demography d) Sociology 37. What does the Human Development Index (HDI) primarily measure? a) Economic growth of a country. b) Life expectancy, education, and per capita income. c) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. d) Industrialization and urbanization rates. 38. Assertion (A): An increase in population density is a prerequisite for a country to experience the demographic dividend. Reasoning (R): The demographic dividend occurs when a country experiences a higher proportion of its population in the working-age group compared to dependent age groups. a) Both the (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is a correct explanation of (A). b) Both the (A) and (R) are true, but the (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. 39. In a population pyramid, a broad base indicates: a) A declining birth rate. b) An aging population. c) A high birth rate. d) A stable population. 40. A top-heavy population pyramid, with more elderly people, suggests: a) A young and growing population. b) An aging population. c) High birth rates and low mortality rates. d) A predominantly male population. 41. Assertion (A): In a population with a high Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), the Life Expectancy Rate (LER) is typically lower. Reasoning (R): Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is a key indicator of the number of infants who die before their first birthday, while Life Expectancy Rate (LER) represents the average number of years a person can expect to live. a) Both the (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is a correct explanation of (A). b) Both the (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. 42. In ecological studies, Eltonian Pyramids represent the biomass or energy at different trophic levels within an ecosystem. Which of the following statements about Eltonian Pyramids is correct? a) Eltonian Pyramids are always pyramid-shaped, with each trophic level having more biomass or energy than the one below. b) Eltonian Pyramids are a visual representation of the biodiversity within an ecosystem. c) Eltonian Pyramids can be inverted, with higher trophic levels having less biomass or energy than the one below. d) Eltonian Pyramids are primarily used to measure population density. 43. In the recently launched Air Quality Index in India, which of the following pollutants is not included? Carbon Monoxide Fine Particulate Matter Ozone Chlorofluorocarbons 44. What is magma called when it comes out of a volcano? A. Ash B. Lava C. Steam D. Rock 45. A volcano that is not currently active but may erupt in the future is called: A. Active volcano B. Extinct volcano C. Dormant volcano D. Silent volcano 46. Which of the following is an example of an active volcano? A. Mount Kilimanjaro B. Mount Fuji C. Mount Etna D. Mount Kenya 47. The opening of a volcano through which materials erupt is called: A. Fault B. Epicenter C. Crater D. Rift 48. Which type of volcano has not erupted in historical times and is unlikely to erupt again? A. Dormant B. Extinct C. Active D. Composite 49. What is the main cause of landslides? A. Solar energy B. Gravity C. Wind D. Ocean tides 50. Which human activity increases the risk of landslides? A. Afforestation B. River fishing C. Deforestation D. Organic farming 51. Which of the following is a natural trigger for landslides? A. Festival lighting B. Mining C. Earthquake D. Road construction 52. Landslides are more common in which type of area? A. Deserts B. Plains C. Coastal beaches D. Hilly and mountainous areas 53. What is a preventive measure against landslides? A. Burning trees B. Building retaining walls C. Digging deep wells D. Overgrazing 54. What is a wildfire? A. A house fire B. A controlled fire in a fireplace C. An uncontrolled fire in forests or grasslands D. A fire on a stove 55. Which of these is a natural cause of wildfires? A. Fireworks B. Lightning C. Burning garbage D. Campfires 56. Which condition makes wildfires spread faster? A. Heavy rainfall B. Cold climate C. Drought and dry winds D. Cloudy weather 57. What is a negative impact of wildfires? A. Increase in forest area B. Cooling of atmosphere C. Loss of biodiversity and air pollution D. Creation of lakes 58. What can help in the early detection of wildfires? A. CCTV cameras B. Rain gauges C. Satellites and drones D. Loudspeakers 59. The Environmental Protection Act (EPA), 1986, was enacted by the Government of India primarily in the light of which major environmental disaster? a) Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster b) Love Canal Disaster c) Bhopal Gas Tragedy d) Exxon Valdez Oil Spill 60. Which of the following bodies is described as an "apex body constituted by the Ministry of Environment & Forests under the Environmental Protection Act"? a) National Green Tribunal (NGT) b) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) c) Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) d) Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB) 61. The National Green Tribunal (NGT) Act, 2010, primarily aims to ensure: a) Formulation of new environmental policies. b) Speedy recognition and resolution of cases related to environmental issues. c) International cooperation on environmental protection. d) Direct financial aid for environmental conservation projects. 62. According to the NGT Act, a judiciary bench typically consists of how many Expert Members and Judicial Members taking charge of cases? a) 2 Expert Members and 1 Judicial Member b) 1 Expert Member and 2 Judicial Members c) 1 Expert Member and 1 Judicial Member d) 2 Expert Members and 2 Judicial Members 63. When was the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) released in India? a) 5th June 2007 b) 30th June 2008 c) 22nd April 2009 d) 15th August 2010 64. The core of the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) consists of how many National Missions? a) 5 b) 7 c) 8 d) 10 65. Which of the following is NOT one of the 8 National Missions under the NAPCC? a) National Solar Mission b) National Mission on Green Energy Development c) National Water Mission d) National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem 66. The Environmental Protection Act (EPA), 1986, aims at better coordination between which governmental systems for environmental protection? a) International and National b) Central and State c) Public and Private d) Legislative and Judiciary 67. What is the primary scale used to measure the magnitude of earthquakes? Richter Scale Saffir-Simpson Scale Fujita Scale 68. Beaufort SAssertion (A): The Richter magnitude scale is used to measure the intensity of an earthquake. Reasoning (R): The Richter magnitude scale is based on the amplitude of seismic waves recorded at different distances from the earthquake's epicenter. a) Both the (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is a correct explanation of (A). b) Both the (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. 69. The EPA, 1986, established which of the following? The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) The State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) The National Environmental Appellate Authority (NEAA) All of the above 70. The NAPCC, 2008, outlines eight core national missions to address climate change. Which of the following is NOT one of these missions? Solar Energy Mission National Water Mission Sustainable Habitat Mission Energy Efficiency Mission 71. Assertion (A): The National Green Tribunal (NGT) Act, 2010, provides for the establishment of a specialized tribunal to handle cases related to environmental protection and conservation. Reasoning (R): The NGT has the power to hear appeals and resolve disputes arising from the implementation of environmental laws. a) Both the (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is a correct explanation of (A). b) Both the (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. 72. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is also known as the: a) Rio Convention b) Washington Convention c) Geneva Convention d) Basel Convention 73. Which international agreement primarily aimed to control the cross-border movement of hazardous waste, especially from developed to developing countries? a) Montreal Protocol b) Vienna Convention c) Basel Convention d) CITES 74. The Montreal Protocol, signed in 1987, specifically aimed to protect which part of the Earth's atmosphere? a) Troposphere b) Stratosphere c) Ionosphere d) Exosphere 75. The Vienna Convention for the Protection of Ozone Layer (1985) directly gave way to which more specific international agreement? a) Kyoto Protocol b) Paris Agreement c) Montreal Protocol d) Basel Convention 76. Which of the following was an outcome of the Rio Summit (Earth Summit) in 1992? a) Establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO) b) Formulation of Agenda 21 c) Signing of the Kyoto Protocol d) Creation of the Green Climate Fund 77. The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was established in which year? a) 1985 b) 1987 c) 1992 d) 1997 78. How many revisions did the Montreal Protocol undergo between 1990 and 2016? a) Five b) Seven c) Nine d) Eleven 79. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) primarily focuses on which of the following goals? a) Reducing greenhouse gas emissions b) Controlling transboundary movement of hazardous waste c) Conservation of biodiversity, sustainable use, and fair sharing of genetic benefits d) Promoting international trade of endangered species 80. Which country, despite being a major emitter, had not ratified the Kyoto Protocol by 2002 according to the provided text? a) India b) China c) USA d) Japan 81. The International Solar Alliance (ISA) was an initiative launched by which country? a) France b) Germany c) India d) Brazil 82. Where are the headquarters and interim Secretariat of the International Solar Alliance (ISA) located? a) New Delhi, India b) Paris, France c) Gurugram, India d) Washington D.C., USA 83. The Paris Agreement (2015) aims to keep the increase in global warming well below which temperature target? a) 3°C b) 2.5°C c) 2°C, aiming for 1.5°C d) 1°C 84. India's original Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement included a target to reduce the emission intensity of its GDP by 33-35% by 2030 from which base year? a) 1990 b) 2000 c) 2005 d) 2010 85. According to India's Panchamrita Strategy for Climate announced at COP26, what is India's target for achieving Carbon Neutrality? a) 2030 b) 2040 c) 2050 d) 2070 86. The Bishnoi Movement, involving Amrita Devi and the villagers, is historically significant for its protest against: a) Industrial pollution b) Cutting down trees for a palace c) Dam construction d) Mining activities 87. The Chipko Movement, led by Sunderlal Bahuguna, is famously associated with the act of: a) Blocking roads b) Hugging trees c) Forming human chains d) Filing lawsuits 88. The Save Silent Valley Movement was a protest to protect evergreen forests in Kerala from being flooded by a: a) Thermal power project b) Nuclear power plant c) Hydroelectric project d) Road construction project 89. The Jungle Bachao Andolan in Jharkhand protested against the replacement of natural sal forests with which type of trees for profit? a) Eucalyptus b) Pine c) Teak d) Banyan 90. The Navdanya Movement, led by Vandana Shiva, is known for promoting: a) Genetic engineering in agriculture b) Large-scale industrial farming c) Biodiversity conservation and sustainable agriculture d) Chemical fertilizers and pesticides 91. The Appiko Movement, which started in Karnataka in 1983, means "to hug" in which language? a) Hindi b) Tamil c) Kannada d) Malayalam 92. The primary aim of the Appiko Movement was to prevent: a) Pollution from industries b) Commercial felling of trees c) Construction of large dams d) Displacement of tribal communities 93. The Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) started in 1985 primarily protested against the construction of dams across which river? a) Ganga b) Yamuna c) Narmada d) Godavari 94. Which of the following individuals was a leading spokesperson for the Narmada Bachao Andolan? a) Sunderlal Bahuguna b) Amrita Devi c) Medha Patkar d) Sugathakumari 95. The Tehri Dam, the highest dam in India, is situated on which river in Uttarakhand? a) Alaknanda b) Mandakini c) Bhagirathi d) Ganga 96. Which of the following leaders was involved in both the Chipko Movement and the Tehri Dam conflict? a) Medha Patkar b) Baba Amte c) Sunderlal Bahuguna d) Vandana Shiva 97. An earthquake of a magnitude in the range of 6.0 to 6.9 on the Richter Scale is considered a) Moderate b) Strong c) Major d) Great 98. As per Indian Government's target for exploiting renewable energy sources, the percentage share of solar and wind energy in the total power generation from renewable energy resources by the year 2022 will be about a) 91.43% (approx.) b) 57.14% (approx.) c) 50% (approx.) d) 60% (approx.) 99. Match List I with List II 100. Montreal protocol aims at a) Reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases b) Phasing out ozone depleting substances c) Prohibiting trans-boundary movement of hazardous waste d) Enhancing cooperation among UN member states for peaceful uses of nuclear energy 101. Atmospheric haze is mainly caused by a) Ultra Fine Size Particulate Matter b) Oxides of nitrogen and sulphur c) Ozone d) Carbon dioxide & Carbon monoxide 102. Assertion (A): The change in sea-level at any coastal location depends on the sum of global, regional and local factors. Reasoning (R): Therefore, the global mean sea level rise translates into a uniform rise in sea level around the world. a) Both the (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is a correct explanation of (A). b) Both the (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. 103. Oxygen demanding wastes a) Decrease oxygen level in water b) Increase oxygen level in water c) Does not change oxygen level in water d) Increase the temperature of water 104. Which of the following is the primary objective of the National Solar Mission under the NAPCC? a) To promote the use of fossil fuels. b) To make India a global leader in solar energy. c) To increase reliance on nuclear power. d) To encourage only off-grid solar applications. 105. The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) functions under which Indian environmental act? a) Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 b) Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 c) Environmental Protection Act, 1986 d) Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 106. Which of the following is a characteristic of a "Renewable Resource"? a) Gets exhausted after single use. b) Cannot be renewed even after use. c) Sustainably available in adequate quantities. d) Primarily derived from fossil fuels. 107. The "Modify" form of Human-Environment Interaction involves: a) Adjusting lifestyles to environmental conditions. b) Reliance on the environment for basic needs. c) Altering the environment to suit human needs. d) Observing environmental phenomena without intervention. 108. In the context of Ecological Pyramids, which pyramid is always upright and why? a) Pyramid of Numbers, due to higher biomass at lower levels. b) Pyramid of Biomass, due to energy transfer efficiency. c) Pyramid of Energy, as energy decreases at each successive trophic level. d) All pyramids, as they represent stable ecosystems. 109. The term "Ecosystem" was coined by: a) Charles Elton b) Alexander von Humboldt c) A.G. Tansley d) Ernst Haeckel 110. Which of the following components are considered "Abiotic Components" of a natural ecosystem? a) Producers, Consumers, Decomposers b) Soil, Water, Nutrients c) Forests, Deserts, Grasslands d) Humans, Animals, Plants 111. The UNDP Strategic Plan (2018–2021) aimed to help nations achieve which global goals? a) Only Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) b) Only Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) c) Both MDGs and SDGs d) Economic Growth Goals (EGGs) 112. The Human Development Index (HDI) measures development based on which three key components? a) GDP, Inflation, Employment Rate b) Life expectancy, Education, Per capita income c) Population growth, Urbanization, Industrialization d) Carbon emissions, Water consumption, Forest cover 113. A Population Pyramid with a very wide base and a narrow top indicates: a) An aging population with low birth rates. b) A rapidly growing population with high birth rates. c) A stable population with balanced birth and death rates. d) A population experiencing significant outward migration.